One of the most important items in the care of garden beds, gardens and lawns is the prevention and removal of weeds. Methods of struggle depend on the type of weed, its biological characteristics and place of growth. Consider the main types of weeds and describe methods for controlling their spread.

Harm and benefits of weeds

Weeds are usually called plants that "settled" on the site in addition to cultivated crops. Fighting them takes a lot of time and effort from summer residents. To date, more than 2,000 weeds are known, including poisonous and harmful to animals - about 100 names.

No matter how hard we try, it’s impossible to get rid of weeds once and for all - they get to the site through a variety of sources:

• some weed seeds "sit" in the soil and wait for favorable conditions for germination;
• organic fertilizers - if the compost has not been properly processed;
• low-quality seed;
• seeds are carried by the wind, animals, people (on the soles of shoes).

Weeds cause significant harm to agriculture and landscape design:

• drown out cultivated plants and reduce their productivity;
• release harmful substances into the soil;
• absorb large amounts of nutrients and water;
• create a shadow
• can cause poisoning of pets;
• are a hotbed for the development of diseases and pests of agricultural crops.

But, not everything is so clear. Agrotechnicians note that some types of weeds are beneficial. Weeds with powerful roots break soil compactions and loosen the soil, extract useful substances from a great depth that is not available to lawn grass and some garden crops. These plants make good fertilizer.

Weed classification

All weeds are classified according to three main biological characteristics:

• life expectancy;
• method of reproduction;
• way of eating.

Depending on the life expectancy, weeds are divided into juvenile and perennial species.

Underage"weeds" propagate by seeds. This group includes:

• ephemera - the growing season is less than one season;
• spring - the growing season is the same as that of annual garden plants; more often than other weeds they infest cultivated crops;
• winter annuals - sprout in early autumn; clog plantings of perennial grasses and wheat crops;
• biennial - a full cycle of development includes two growing seasons.

perennial weeds can grow in one place up to 4 years. After the seeds ripen, the ground organs of the plant die off, while the root system continues to develop. Every year, new stems grow from the underground part. Perennials reproduce vegetatively or by seeds.

According to the method of nutrition, the following types of weeds are distinguished:

Weed plants in the garden: names, descriptions, photos

Creeping wheatgrass lives in fields, gardens, orchards, in floodplains, along roads. It has a deep root system and quickly spreads over the site. The stem of the weed is erect, the leaves are flat, long with a rough surface. Wheatgrass is very resistant to adverse conditions, propagated by rhizomes on almost any type of soil, a perennial plant of the cereal family. It is necessary to get rid of wheatgrass, especially if potatoes are planned to be planted.

If you do not fight wheatgrass, the lawn can be completely overgrown with weeds: photo

Field bindweed (birch)- perennial weed, enveloping the stems of plants. One plant can confuse up to 2 square meters of crop area. Berry bushes suffer the most from birch. The length of the stem is up to 180 cm, the leaves are arrow-shaped, the fruit is a two-celled box. The branched roots of the field bindweed go into the ground to a depth of five meters, so it is very difficult to completely get rid of the plant - the roots will have to be dug up.

Purslane garden- an annual plant with a reddish thick stem and fleshy leaves. The length of the stem is about 60 cm, the shoots of one plant can cover a significant area of ​​the garden. Purslane can be used medicinally and in cooking.

Mokritsa (chickweed)- wintering annual, ephemeral. Weed shoots appear in early spring, and when the time comes for the germination of cultivated plants, the wood lice grows into a continuous green carpet. Carrot crops suffer greatly from this weed.

In the old days, woodlice predicted the weather for the near future. It was believed that if after sunrise the starflower flowers did not rise and open, then rainfall should be expected during the day.

Shiritsa upturned- spring early annual, characterized by very high fecundity. Weed seeds are not afraid of mechanical influences and retain the ability to germinate for 5-40 years. The plant has a high pubescent stem (up to 150 cm), ovate-rhombic leaves, flowers are collected in a dense paniculate inflorescence. Seeds can germinate from a depth of no more than 3 cm.

Hedgehog (chicken millet)- clogs vegetable crops (sunflower, carrots, beets) at the beginning of their growth. In rainy years, it can completely drown out sparse young crops. The stem reaches 120 cm in height, the leaves are broadly linear, pointed at the edges, the inflorescence is a panicle with spiky single-flowered spikelets, filled with seeds that look like millet.

Cleavers- early spring annual. A distinctive feature - the trunk and leaves of the weed literally cling to clothes. The tenacious bedstraw appears on fertile, limestone-rich soils. The horse system of the weed is rod-shaped, the stem is tetrahedral up to 1 m high, there are small spikes bent down on the ribs of the stem. The flowers are collected in dense panicles, the flowering period is summer.

Shepherd's bag- wintering annual, blooming from spring to late autumn. The viability of seeds is preserved for almost 35 years. The height of the stem is about 20-40 cm, the leaves are pinnately dissected, the root is taproot. White small flowers are collected at the very top of the stem, flowering of the weed continues all summer. During this time, the plant gives 2-4 generations (seeds fall off and immediately germinate).

Yarutka field- an annual plant with characteristic rounded fruits with a cut at the top. The height of the stem is no more than 40 cm, the leaves are collected in a rosette and are located near the ground. During the flowering period, the yarutka produces up to 50 thousand seeds. The maximum depth from which the seeds can germinate is 5 cm.

Thistle pink, better known as the field flower, is a common perennial weed plant that clogs any crops. The height of thistle can reach 1.5 m, the surface of the stem is prickly. The shape of the leaf is lanceolate, there are spines along the edges. An adult plant has a powerful root system that grows up to 6 meters deep. On the bends of the root, buds are laid, giving the development of above-ground shoots.

The main source of clogging the garden with a bodyak is a vertical root. When fighting thistle, it is necessary to destroy the root system located at a depth of up to 60-70 cm

Lawn weeds: names, descriptions, photos

Bluegrass- An annual weed. At the beginning of growth, the plant is imperceptible, but over time, the weed blooms and stands out as ugly spots on the lawn carpet. Bluegrass thrives on compacted soils in lowlands. If the weed is removed in a timely manner, then it will not appear on the lawn for a long time.

Avoid appearing on the lawn dandelions whose seeds are dispersed by the wind. Best of all, dandelions "take root" on young, rarely planted lawns. The weed plant has fleshy roots, which contain a large supply of nutrients. This must be taken into account when fighting weeds - for complete destruction, more than one treatment with selective herbicides will be required.

buttercup creeping- a perennial weed with a stem creeping along the ground. The length of the plant is about 1 m, the leaves are trifoliate. Buttercup reproduces by seeds and vegetatively. Favorably develops in damp and insufficiently lit places.

Moss, like buttercup, appears on damp soils in the lowlands. To combat it, the lawn must be regularly aerated and drainage ditches made. The height of the moss is no more than 50 cm. If you do not fight this weed, then it can completely displace lawn cereals and lead to waterlogging of the soil.

The appearance of moss may indicate a “poor” soil composition, a lack of nutrients and an excessive level of soil acidity.

Plantain often grows on over-compacted, trampled soil or in places where moisture stagnation is observed. A special garden fork is suitable for removing adult plants. If the plantains have grown significantly over the lawn, then selective herbicides should be used.

Speedwell settles on moist soil rich in useful elements. Plant height - no more than 12 cm, the stem is thin, the flowers are pale purple. The weed propagates by shoots.

Clover- the most problematic weed, delivering a lot of trouble to lawn owners. Perennial plant 15-50 cm high, root system - rod, leaves ovoid. The appearance of clover can signal a lack of nitrogen in the soil.

Active growth of clover can be provoked by potash and phosphorus fertilizers applied in spring

Mary white- frost-resistant weed on the site, growing from early spring to late autumn. The height of the plant can reach 1.5 m. The maximum depth from which the seeds can germinate is 10 cm. The plant must be removed before flowering, since one weed can produce about 500 thousand seeds with different germination times.

Oxalis ordinary(hare cabbage) is a perennial plant with a powerful root system. The weed grows in groups and easily “clogs” the lawn grass. Oxalis is very resistant to many chemicals, so the most effective way is to uproot the weed.

The presented photos and names of weeds will help to recognize and eradicate malicious pests in time.

Useful weeds in the area

Not all weeds are pests; useful wild plants can also be found in the garden and in the garden.

Cornflower blue- Healing seasoning in cooking. It is believed that the plant has a diuretic, analgesic, choleretic and wound healing effect. An infusion of flowers helps with boils, eczema and conjunctivitis. Dried cornflower inflorescences are used as a natural dye in cooking.

meadow clover attributed antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant is used in the treatment of atherosclerosis and dry cough. Spring salads are prepared from clover flowers and young leaves, and dried shoots are added during cooking main courses.

young nettle- a valuable gift of spring. It contains a large amount of vitamin C and carotene. The use of a decoction of nettle stimulates the metabolism in the body and promotes weight loss. Nettle is used for cooking soups, borscht, cooking meat, omelettes and other dishes.

Horsetail- a perennial plant up to 60 cm high. It is used in the treatment of the bladder and as an antimicrobial agent. Dry grass is brewed, infused and drunk before meals. To improve blood circulation and alleviate conditions in rheumatic diseases, it is recommended to take "horsetail" baths.

Highlander bird (knotweed)- an annual weed growing in gardens, parks, gardens and lawns. Knotweed contains many biologically active substances: coumarins, flavonoids, essential oils, vitamins and phenolcarboxylic acids. The plant can be used as an antipyretic for colds or externally to speed up the healing of wounds and ulcers.

Weed Prevention

It will be much easier to fight weeds in the garden and lawn if there are not too many of them. For this, preventive measures must be taken.

Prevention of the appearance of garden weeds:

The destruction of weeds is one of the most important ways to ensure sustainable high yields of agricultural crops and improve the quality of the products obtained. The application of effective weed control measures is an integral part of intensive cropping technologies.

Weed control is carried out in accordance with the general plan of agrotechnical measures, such as observing the alternation of crops in crop rotation, the implementation of tillage systems and field fertilization, the timing of sowing and harvesting, etc. Measures for the destruction of weeds are planned taking into account the species composition and biological characteristics of weeds . It is necessary to prevent the introduction of weed seeds into crops and their spread.

Weed control measures are divided into precautionary and fighter, which in turn are subdivided into agrotechnical, chemical and biological control measures.

Control measures. Used to prevent weed infestation :

1. measures organized on a national scale to prevent the importation of plant seeds from other countries and within the country from region to region (quarantine service);

2. cleaning seed, fodder, containers and machines from weed seeds;

3. feeding livestock plant waste (chaff and chaff, littered with weed seeds) in crushed and steamed form;

4. destruction of weed seeds in manure by proper storage and application to the soil in semi-rotted and over-rotted form;

5. destruction of weeds before flowering in uncultivated areas, along roadsides and irrigation canals, in wastelands, in shelterbelts, etc.;

6. purification of irrigation water;

7. timely high-quality harvesting, etc.

This group of measures includes all measures that create the best conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants. The sowing method is of great importance (narrow-row and cross-sowing are especially effective for grain crops).

Agrotechnical extermination measures. The system of basic, fallow, pre-sowing and post-sowing tillage should provide for the destruction of weeds and be built taking into account the soil and climatic conditions, the characteristics of the cultivated crop and the weediness of the field.

A large role in weed control is given to autumn (autumn) tillage. The system of tillage methods should depend on the type of weed. So, weediness can be minor weeds (one- and two-year-old weeds predominate); rhizomatous; root shoots; mixed type, where weeds of several or all groups are combined.

In the fight against young weeds, autumn tillage with preliminary peeling is of great importance. Stubble cultivation at the same time as harvesting or immediately after it destroys the weeds left on the field and creates conditions for the rapid germination of weed seeds that have fallen on the soil before harvesting. Deep plowing, carried out after peeling, at the time of growth of the bulk of the weeds, destroys them well. With such processing, the number of weeds is reduced by 4 times compared with autumn processing without peeling. If the post-harvest period is long, then carrying out several cultivations after plowing allows you to additionally destroy weed seedlings. Weeds that have overwintered and sprouted in early spring must be destroyed by pre-sowing tillage. During the spring pre-sowing preparation of the field for spring crops, continuous processing is possible during the emergence of seedlings and shoots of weeds.

In a fallow field, as in no other, it is possible to systematically, throughout the entire spring-summer period, carry out continuous tillage aimed at weed control.

Weed control should also be carried out when caring for field crops, especially row crops.

For the extermination of root shoot weeds, it is necessary to provide depletion of their powerful root system by the destruction of the aerial part and crushing of underground organs, if possible, at the entire depth.

Rhizome weeds are most effectively destroyed strangulation. It consists in grinding the rhizomes with disk tools to the depth of their main mass, followed by deep plowing of the rhizomes at the time of regrowth.

In the fight against dodder, an important role is played by the correct alternation of crops of cultivated plants more susceptible to this weed - alfalfa, clover, potatoes, beets, tobacco, grain legumes with resistant ones - wheat, barley, rice, millet, oats and perennial cereals. It is necessary to destroy dodder in crops (mainly perennial grasses) and in uncultivated areas in a timely manner (before seeding). To prevent contamination of crops with broomrape, it is necessary to take into account its selective livability with certain cultivated plants and place such crops in crop rotation no earlier than after 7-8 years. Provocative crops of the host plant are also used, followed by its harvesting until broomrape seeding.

Chemical control measures. Chemicals used to kill weeds are called herbicides. A feature of chemical weed control measures is high efficiency and productivity. Their effectiveness depends on soil moisture, the nature and degree of weediness, and the method of applying herbicides.

According to the chemical composition, herbicides are organic and inorganic; by the nature of the impact on plants - continuous (general extermination) and selective action.

Continuous herbicides(general extermination) - raglon, tordon 22K, tordon 101, banvel, dalapon and others - destroy all green plants growing on the cultivated area. It is possible to use such herbicides only when there are no cultivated plants on the field (stubble treatment, pre-sowing treatment of fields, destruction of weeds in row-spacing row crops, etc.).

The same herbicides can be used to control weeds and trees and shrubs along roadsides, on field edges and other non-agricultural lands.

Selective herbicides at a certain dosage, as well as in one or another phase of plant development, they can infect weeds without harm to the crop. The selectivity of herbicides is based on various physiological and biochemical properties of plants, and primarily on the difference in the properties of cell protoplasm. An important role in the action of the herbicide is played by the shape of the leaves, their location, wax coating, pubescence.

According to the site of action on the plant tissue, herbicides are contact and systemic, or moving.

Contact herbicides (local herbicides) damage those parts of plants (usually stems and leaves) that are sprayed on. Such herbicides include nitrafen, reglone, etc.

Systemic preparations, getting on the leaves or roots, have the ability to move along the vascular-conducting system of plants and cause various destructions. These are drugs of the 2,4-D, 2M-4X group, atrazine, simazine, pyramine, chlorine-IFK, eptam. Their use is especially effective in the fight against perennial rhizomatous and rhizomatous weeds.

According to the duration of the residual effect, all herbicides are divided into two groups: preparations with a long-term effect - more than one year (atrazine, simazine, propazine, diuron); drugs with a short action (2,4-D, 2M-4X, pyramine, promethrin, reglone, tillam, etc.). The aftereffect of herbicides should be taken into account when alternating crops in a crop rotation.

Searches are underway for herbicides with narrow and broad selectivity, less toxic to humans and warm-blooded animals, but detrimental to weeds.

Effective herbicides and mixtures thereof are used in crops of cereals (including rice and corn), cereal legumes, potatoes and vegetables, flax, cotton, sugar beets, soybeans and fodder crops.

Almost all herbicides are used in relatively small doses, therefore, to ensure uniform coverage of the cultivated area, they are used in the form of aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions.

Biological control measures. All elements of advanced technologies for growing crops, which contribute to increased competition with weeds for the main factors of growth and development, can be attributed to biological measures for weed control. Application, for example, narrow row sowing grain crops reduces infestation by 20% compared to conventional row sowing. intermediate crops reduce weediness of subsequent crops by 30-40%. A higher nutrition background can lead to the same effect.

Of paramount importance is crop rotation changing environmental conditions. In the crop rotation, continuous sowing crops (of different sowing and harvesting periods) alternate with tilled crops, where more careful care of crops is possible, annual crops with perennial grasses. Fast-growing and well-bushing winter rye, winter wheat more easily suppress weeds than weakly bushy spring wheat, millet, which, moreover, grows slowly in the first 2-3 weeks after germination and poorly resists weeds. Essential for weed control introduction pure vapor, as well as early harvested crops (oat-bean mixtures, winter green fodder). In these cases, weeds are destroyed before seeding.

Weeds cause great harm to agriculture: they take away moisture and food from cultivated plants, hinder growth, shade crops, and thereby sharply reduce the yield of field and other crops;

complicate and complicate tillage, sowing, care and harvesting of cultivated plants;

contribute to the spread of pests and diseases of agricultural plants on crops.

Weeds spread in the fields very quickly due to the abundance of seeds and fruits that weeds bring. One plant of cereal grains usually produces no more than 60-70 grains (seeds), and one weed plant produces seeds:

Weed seeds, having got deep into the soil, do not lose their germination capacity up to 3-5-10 years or more. The seeds of some plants (sorrel, chamomile, quinoa, etc.) do not lose their germination capacity, even after passing through the stomach of animals. Getting into the soil along with unrotted manure, they sprout and litter the fields.

There are more than 400 types of weeds in our fields. Some weeds, for example: wheatgrass, quinoa, dandelion, shepherd's purse, etc., are distributed almost everywhere.

Weeds enter fields by:

spreading weed seeds from weedy areas, mezhniks, roadsides, etc. to unweeded lands;

sowing seeds of cultivated plants not cleaned from weed impurities;

introduction of weed seeds into the soil with unrotted manure;

shedding of seeds of weeds ripened before harvesting bread and grasses or weeds not removed in a timely manner (before ripening) from fields occupied by tilled and other crops.

All weeds are divided into 3 tiers: upper, middle and lower.

Weeds of the upper tier (for example, thistle, budyak, etc.) grow higher than cultivated plants and strongly drown them out. They mature before harvest and spread by self-seeding.

Weeds of the middle tier have the same growth as cultivated plants, ripen simultaneously with them, fall into sheaves.

Weeds of the lower tier develop and seed after harvesting. They can be drowned out by cultivated plants.

Weed group

All weeds are divided into two groups: 1) perennials and 2) perennials.

I. Youngsters

Among juveniles, there are: 1) spring annuals, 2) wintering and winter annuals, and 3) biennials.

a) Spring annuals. They require only one growing season to develop. Some of them complete their development before harvesting crops (their seeds are shed before harvesting), others - simultaneously with harvesting (their seeds fall into the harvested crop), others - after harvesting (their seeds can crumble if after harvesting bread is not hulled or ploughed). fields).

The most common spring annuals

weed name	Distribution area	What crops are infested	When they seed
	Everywhere	Oats, spring wheat	Before grain harvest
	Chernozem strip and south	Millet and row crops	After harvesting grain
chicken millet		Row crops
	Everywhere	Spring wheat, barley, flax	Simultaneously with grain harvesting
		Cereals, row crops, etc.	After harvesting grain
Bindweed buckwheat
wild radish	Non-chernozem strip	Spring cereal crops	Before grain harvest
field mustard	Chernozem strip	Spring cereal crops	Before grain harvest
	Non-chernozem strip	Linen on fiber
Pikulnik		Cereals, row crops, etc.
	Chernozem strip	Row crops	After harvesting grain

b) Wintering annuals. Overwintering annuals may emerge in spring and late summer. With spring shoots, they fade and seed in the same year. When germinating at the end of summer, they do not have time to seed by winter and can overwinter, while spring weeds freeze out during the winter.

Wintering weeds infest both spring and winter crops. Weeds of this type include:

c) Winter annuals. Winter annuals germinate usually in autumn, but may also come up in spring. With spring shoots, they do not begin to bloom, they die in the same year. During autumn shoots, they form rosettes or bush and hibernate in this state.

These plants clog winter crops (rye and wheat). Particularly common: rye bonfire and broom (in humid areas), heavily clogging winter rye.

d) biennials. Biennials require two full growing seasons to develop. Biennials include:

sweet clover - distributed mainly in the south of the USSR, litters different cultures;

thistle - common in the black earth zone, infests different crops;

Smolevka forked - common in the black earth zone, infests clover and alfalfa crops;

wormwood S and versa - distributed mainly in Siberia, clogs bread.

II. perennials

Perennial weeds differ from annuals and biennials in that they: 1) bear fruit several times during their life and 2) are able to reproduce not only by seeds, but also by shoots from underground parts (rhizomes, root suckers, bulbs, tubers, aboveground shoots).

According to the degree of harmfulness to cultivated plants and the difficulty of controlling perennial weeds, they are divided into two groups:

1) Perennials that reproduce, like annuals, mainly by seeds and do not produce shoots from underground parts (except for bulbs). These include: dandelions, wild chicory, plantain, creeping ranunculus, colza, fescue, etc. They are easily eradicated.

2) Perennials that propagate by shoots from underground parts and are difficult to eradicate. The most common and dangerous of them are rhizomatous and root shoots.

Rhizome Weeds

Rhizome weeds reproduce by means of long underground shoots - rhizomes. These include:

wheatgrass - distributed throughout the USSR, with the exception of extremely arid regions; its rhizomes lie shallow, 10-12 centimeters, and strongly branch;

spicy - similar to wheatgrass, common in the southeast; its rhizomes lie at a depth of 20 to 30 centimeters;

pig - very common in the Crimea, the North Caucasus, Central Asia and Transcaucasia; the bulk of its rhizomes lies at a depth of 10-12-15 centimeters;

G u mai - widely distributed in Central Asia; also appeared in the Crimea and the Caucasus;

horsetail - common in the Arkhangelsk region, in the north of the Leningrad region and in the Karelian-Finnish SSR; its rhizomes go into the soil deeper than 1 meter;

mint - common in humid areas; clogs mainly garden lands;

swamp cleaner - distributed mainly in the Leningrad region; nodules form on the rhizomes.

Root shoot weeds

Root weeds propagate through underground roots, from the buds of which shoots develop. These include:

Budyak-distributed throughout the USSR; the main root deepens into the soil up to 4 meters, giving abundant root shoots, small fragments of roots give rise to new plants;

sow thistle field - distributed everywhere, except for the most arid zone; this plant differs from budyak in a more superficial root system, extending to a depth of no more than 50 centimeters; its roots are fragile, easily broken into pieces and give new plants. It should not be mixed with field sow thistle hard sow thistle and garden sow thistle - annual weeds that reproduce only by seeds and clog mainly vegetable crops;

Molokans - distributed in the southeast of the USSR; similar to a budak;

bitter - common in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Crimea;

field bindweed, or birch, is distributed almost everywhere. Its main root goes into the soil to a depth of more than 2 meters; parts of the root give rise to new plants. Bindweed also reproduces well by seeds;

small sorrel - common in the non-chernozem zone; often clogs clover fields;

Broomrapes attach themselves to the roots of green plants. The most common:

sunflower broomrape, which strongly infects sunflower, less often tobacco and tomatoes; its seeds remain viable for more than 5 years;

hemp broomrape, which strongly infects hemp and tobacco, less often tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, etc .;

Egyptian broomrape, affecting gourds, as well as tomatoes, cotton, etc.; found in the extreme southeast (Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Dagestan).

Dodder, in contrast to broomrapes, wraps around cultivated plants with its climbing stems and sticks to them with suckers on the stems. The most common are: clover dodder, often affecting clover and alfalfa; European dodder affecting hemp, hops, etc.; flax dodder attacking flax;

pepper dodder, affecting vegetable crops in the south.

Weed control measures

Weed control measures are as follows: implementation of advanced agricultural practices;

introduction of proper crop rotation with grass sowing, black fallow and tilled crops; compliance with this crop rotation of the required cultivation of the soil and the alternation of plants ensure the direct extermination, exhaustion and suffocation of weeds, that is, the most successful destruction of them;

thorough cleaning of seed material from weed seeds by proper selection of machines, sieves and other cleaning devices, taking into account the characteristics of cultivated seeds and their weeds;

the introduction of rotted manure into the fields, in which weed seeds have already lost their germination capacity;

feeding contaminated feed to animals in a ground, ensiled or steamed state;

mowing field roadsides, ditches, wastelands, etc. until weeds bloom;

timely and proper harvesting of grain, eliminating the shedding of weeds;

the breeding of resistant varieties of cultivated plants that are less susceptible to the destructive action of weeds (this includes varieties that are winter-hardy, drought-resistant, broom-resistant, etc.);

cleaning the soil from seeds and roots of weeds: by peeling the stubble to a depth of 4-5 centimeters with disc tools, immediately after harvesting the grain, and deep plowing with a plow, always with a skimmer, to incorporate (destroy) weeds, 15-20 days after peeling, when the bulk of the weeds will rise. To destroy (deplete) the rhizomes of couch grass, peeling should be done with disc cultivators in two passes (crosswise), to the depth of the bulk of the rhizomes (8-10 centimeters); the rhizomes are cut into pieces, each 5-10 centimeters in size. With the advent of couch grass sprouts (until they turn green), plowing is carried out with a plow with a skimmer to a depth of 23-25 ​​centimeters. To prevent the skimmer from raking the ground in front of itself, it must be installed 1-2 centimeters below the depth of peeling.

The fields are also cleared of the stock of seeds and roots of weeds during the period of cultivation, shedding, hoeing between rows, etc.

In order to enhance the growth of cultivated plants and thereby reduce the harm from weeds, it is necessary:

to sow early crops in an early and short time (so that they are ahead of weeds in their development);

to sow with vernalized seeds (to accelerate the development of cultivated plants);

create better growth conditions for cultivated plants by providing them with food and moisture (fertilizing, loosening the soil, etc.).

To destroy the emerging weeds, the following should be carried out: hoeing the row-spacing of tilled crops as weeds appear;

manual shelf of weeds on crops of grain and industrial crops (flax) up to 2-3 times during the spring-summer period.

The system of measures for weed control includes preventive (prophylactic) and extermination measures. The latter are divided into mechanical, chemical, biological, phytocenotic, ecological, organizational and complex. On fig. 7.1 shows the classification of weed control measures.
Preventive measures are aimed at preventing the entry of weed seeds into the field. They include the following activities.
1. External and internal plant quarantine. Anti-weed quarantine is a system of state measures aimed at protecting the plant resources of the country from the importation of quarantine weeds from other countries (external quarantine) and preventing the spread of malicious weeds within the country (internal quarantine). In the event that quarantine weeds enter a new territory, localization and elimination of foci of contamination are carried out. On the territory of Russia, quarantine weeds are considered to be all types of dodder, creeping mustard, ragweed, beak-shaped nightshade, low-flowered tsenkhrus, etc.
2. Thorough cleaning of seed material from weed seeds. According to the state standard, 1 kg of seeds of class I wheat, rye, fodder peas, barley and other grain crops should not contain more than 5 weed seeds.
3. Cleaning of containers, vehicles, bunkers of seeders, combines when working with various crops, purification of irrigation water from weed seeds by arranging settling tanks and installing barrier nets.
4. Prevention of seed drift with manure. To do this, manure is composted in piles for 1.5–2 months before being applied. With self-heating of manure to a temperature of 60-70 ° C, many weed seeds lose their germination. Grain waste from the currents, containing a large amount of weed seeds, must be fed to animals only in ground or steamed form.
5. Mowing weeds before the formation of seeds (on roadsides, irrigation canals, pastures after grazing, near field-protective plantations), which eliminates the possibility of their transfer to the fields. Right-of-way is treated with continuous herbicides.

Rice. 7.1. Classification of measures to combat weeds
6. Timely harvesting and equipping combine harvesters with weed seed traps, which helps prevent field clogging. With a delay in harvesting, many weed seeds have time to ripen and crumble. Clogged areas are mowed at a low cut for better cutting of weeds.
7. Careful implementation of crop cultivation technology (sowing of zoned varieties and hybrids, choosing the optimal timing and methods of sowing, seeding rates, etc.).

Mechanical (agrotechnical) measures of weed control

These weed control measures are aimed at destroying the stock of seeds, vegetative reproductive organs in the soil and vegetative weeds in crops with the help of various tillage machines and implements. Seeds in the soil are destroyed by provocation for germination and their deep incorporation.
The method of provocation is that in the fall after harvesting the crop or in the spring before sowing, favorable conditions are created for the germination of weed seeds and vegetative reproductive organs. To do this, stubble peeling, flat-cutting processing, and cultivation are carried out. Seeds planted in the soil germinate, the emerging shoots of weeds are destroyed by various methods of mechanical processing. The provocation method reduces the infestation by young weeds by 50%, and by perennial weeds by 60%.
The rhizomes of wheatgrass are destroyed by the strangulation method proposed by Academician V. R. Williams. It includes double plowing of the field with disc tools in two directions to the depth of rhizomes for their crushing. The rhizomes germinate, and the emerging seedlings (shlitsa) of wheatgrass are deeply plowed with a plow with a skimmer. Seedlings weakened by regrowth die when planted deep into the soil. Weed rhizomes are destroyed by combing (using spring cultivators and special tools), drying and freezing.
In the fight against root shoot weeds, systematic layer-by-layer pruning of the root system of emerging weeds at different depths is used (depletion method). This technique is used on fallows, when caring for tilled crops. During autumn cultivation, the soil is peeled with disc tools to a depth of 8-10 or 10-12 cm as weeds germinate; subsequent processing is carried out with share cultivators to a depth of 12-14 cm. With a new appearance of weeds, deep plowing is used with plows with skimmers. As the seedlings appear, they are destroyed by cultivators.
Weed shoots on crops are destroyed by pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing, and on tilled crops - by inter-row cultivation (cultivation, hilling). Fields littered with perennial weeds are left under clean fallows.

Chemical pest control measures. Classification and characteristics of herbicides

These weed control measures are based on the use of chemicals called herbicides (from the Latin herba - grass and ciede - to kill).
The use of herbicides to clean crops from weeds allows cultivated plants to make better use of nutrients, moisture, light, and, consequently, increases productivity. Chemical methods of weed control can reduce labor costs for caring for crops, increase labor productivity, especially with the introduction of intensive crop cultivation technologies.
Herbicides are continuous and selective action. The former destroy all vegetation (cultivated and weedy). They are used in fields where there are no cultivated plants (after harvesting, on clean fallows, irrigation canals). Selective herbicides (selective) affect some types of plants and do not damage others. The selectivity of herbicides is based on the division of herbaceous vegetation into two classes - monocots and dicots.
Depending on the nature of plant damage, herbicides are divided into systemic (internal action) and contact.
Systemic herbicides penetrate the plant through leaves, roots, stems, move along the vascular-conducting system and affect the entire plant organism. Soil herbicides are absorbed by root hairs and move with the transpiration current to the ground organs of plants. When spraying weeds above ground, foliar herbicides penetrate the plant through the leaves and move into the root system. Systemic herbicides in toxic doses accumulate in leaves, zones of active growth, in meristematic tissues, causing deep disturbances in physiological processes, leading to the death of weeds. Chlorophyll is destroyed, photosynthesis is suppressed, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism is disturbed. As a result, the stems are deformed, cracked, the leaves curl, the growth of plants stops and after 2-3 weeks they die. Systemic herbicides are used to kill young and perennial weeds.
Contact herbicides attack leaves and stems of plants in places of direct contact with them. They do not damage the root system, so after spraying perennial weeds grow back.
Application of herbicides. Herbicides are used in the form of aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions and granular preparations. The most common way to apply them is by spraying crops and soil. Granular preparations can be applied to the soil simultaneously with mineral fertilizers.
On crops of field crops, herbicides are used at the following times: 1) before sowing or simultaneously with sowing; 2) before emergence of cultivated plants; 3) on vegetative cultivated plants and weeds in different phases of their development. On crops of grain crops, herbicides are used in the spring in the tillering phase of plants. Potatoes, sugar beets, sunflowers are very sensitive to herbicides, so chemical weed control is carried out, as a rule, before their emergence or sowing.
The timing of chemical weeding in meadows and pastures depends on the properties of herbicides, the composition of the herbage and the phase of plant growth. Most often, herbicides are applied in the early phases of the growing season, in spring or at the beginning of regrowth, after mowing and grazing plants. On hayfields, they are used 3-4 weeks before mowing, so that there are no herbicide residues in the feed.
Organization of work and safety measures when using herbicides. Chemical weeding is carried out in the morning with sunrise (before 10 o'clock) and in the evening (after 18 o'clock). The air temperature should be within 16–22 °C, and sunny weather for 2–3 days contributes to the death of weeds and increases the effectiveness of herbicides.
The population is notified in advance about the chemical treatment in order to isolate the bees, to prevent grazing of livestock and the work of people in the cultivated areas.
Persons working with herbicides are required to undergo a medical examination, instructions, and have special clothing (overalls, rubber boots, gloves, goggles, etc.). Adolescents under the age of 18, pregnant women, nursing mothers are not allowed to work with herbicides. The duration of the working day is no more than 6 hours.
Those working with pesticides should be able to provide first aid to victims, use personal protective equipment, and have a complete first aid kit. During work, it is not allowed to take off overalls, eat, drink, smoke.
The preparations are stored in a serviceable container with a label and instructions for use in special warehouses, remote from residential buildings, farms and equipped with reliable constipation and fire fighting equipment.
Herbicides are transported in well-packed containers and on specially equipped vehicles. Working solutions are prepared on fenced sites remote from water sources, farms and residential premises. Before work, they check the serviceability of hoses, sprayers, the tightness of the tractor cab. After work, the tanks of the machines are washed with a 5% warm solution of caustic soda, and the overalls are disinfected. The paper bags and other containers left from the chemicals are burned, and the ashes are buried. Do not leave herbicides, solutions and containers in the field unguarded. It is forbidden to cultivate the fields during the flowering period of cultivated and weed plants, graze livestock, mow grass in the treated areas within 40-45 days after processing.

Biological weed control measures

They include weed suppression and destruction by increasing the competitiveness of cultivated plants, as well as with the help of specialized insects, fungi and bacteria and other organisms.
Creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants and increasing their competitiveness in agrophytocenoses is achieved by observing crop rotations, using calculated doses of fertilizers, optimal timing and methods of sowing crops, increasing (by 10–15%) seeding rates in weedy areas, liming acidic and gypsuming saline soils.
An important role in weed control belongs to intermediate crops, which can reduce the infestation of subsequent crops by 30-40%.
The use of pathogens, insects, nematodes that can suppress or completely destroy weeds should not adversely affect cultivated plants. In the fight against broomrape, the phytomysis fly is used, which lays eggs in flowers. The emerging larvae damage up to 90% of broomrape plants and its seeds. Alternaria fungus is used to control dodder in sugar beet and alfalfa crops. Prepare an aqueous suspension with spores of the fungus, which is sprayed with dodder foci. Getting on the stems of dodder, spores germinate and within 5-10 days and destroy the weed.
Against cruciferous weeds, you can use the rapeseed sawfly, against the mustard weed, the mustard nematode. Biological measures are especially effective in meadows, pastures, where the use of other methods of weed control is limited.

2. Weed control measures

3. Crop rotation system

1. Characterization of weeds and assessment of the damage they cause

Weeds are plants that litter agricultural land and damage crops. Cultivated plants of other species that are not cultivated in this field, but found in crops, are considered weeds. Weeds that clog crops of only certain crops are called specialized.

There are a lot of weeds, for example, there are about 1.5 thousand species of them on the territory of our country.

Weeds cause great damage to agriculture. They reduce the yield of agricultural crops, worsen the quality of products. According to A. V. Fisyunov, on moderately weedy fields, farms lack 10-12% of the gross crop of grain and flax, 12-15% - corn and sunflower, 8-10% - whip and sugar beets, 6-10% - vegetables and potatoes , 18-20% - perennial grasses. In heavily weedy fields, the yield is reduced by 1.5-2 times.

Developing a powerful root system, weeds absorb a large amount of moisture and nutrients. So, yellow sweet clover, empty oats consume moisture from the soil 1.5 times, and wormwood is almost 2 times more than wheat. Weeds are especially harmful in semi-arid and arid regions, where they greatly drain the soil.

Weeds also have a negative effect on the air nutrition of cultivated plants, since as a result of their vital activity, the content of carbon dioxide in the subsoil air layer decreases. Many weeds strongly
shade cultivated plants, reducing the access of light to them. Weeds such as field bindweed, bindweed knotweed, etc., directly cause lodging of plants.

Weeds contribute to the reproduction of pests and the spread of diseases of agricultural plants. So, on the leaves of the field bindweed and various species of thistle, the winter scoop lays its eggs, the caterpillars of which damage the seedlings of winter crops; Hessian and Swedish flies lay their eggs on the roots of cereal weeds - the most dangerous pests of cereals. Couch grass is a carrier of rust of grain breads, cruciferous weeds contribute to the spread of many diseases, such as downy mildew, etc.
Infestation of crops leads not only to a decrease in crop yields, but also to a deterioration in product quality. Many weeds are harmful and even poisonous to farm animals and humans. Weeds impede the work of agricultural machines and tools, as a result, labor productivity decreases and the cost of production increases. This especially affects the work of combines: green stems and leaves clog augers, elevators, which leads to frequent breakdowns, a large number of green parts of weeds get into the grain.

Biological features

For successful weed control, it is necessary to know the features of their development. The wide distribution of weeds is facilitated by their enormous fertility. The number of seeds that one plant produces is in the thousands and even millions of pieces, while one plant of cereals forms on average only about 2000 grains. Weeds reach the highest fertility on fertile soils, in tilled crops, near irrigation canals, and on uncultivated lands.

Weeds have a wide variety of adaptations for dispersing seeds throughout the territory. Ripe seeds are scattered when the plants are swayed by the wind, mowing, moving the mowed mass. Seeds of many weeds, such as field sow thistle, dandelion, thistle, with bats and lionfish, are carried over considerable distances by the wind. Whole bushes of a plant such as kurai (tumbleweed) are rolled by the wind and scatter the seeds over a large area. Often, weed seeds are spread with irrigation or rainwater, poorly cleaned seed material, and unrotted manure.
In addition to propagation by seeds, many weeds have the ability to reproduce vegetatively, forming a large number of root offspring, buds, bulbs, tubers, rhizomes. Rhizome and rhizomatous weeds (couch grass, field horsetail, wild thistle, field sow thistle, field bindweed, etc.) are distinguished by a particularly high reproductive capacity. Fragments of roots and rhizomes quickly grow back after tillage and give abundant shoots (Table 12).
Sources of clogging fields can be different. The main one is weeds growing in crops, as well as on borders, along roadsides, etc.

Biological features and classification

Species name of the weed	biological group	Biological features	Areas of distribution, habitat conditions and infested crops
Field calf	Perennial. root offspring	It has a powerful root system, consisting of small feeding, main and lateral roots. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively.	Distributed throughout the country. A malicious and most difficult to eradicate weed of field crops, vegetable gardens, grows in wastelands.
Horsetail	Perennial. rhizomatous	Spore plant. Propagated by spores and rhizomes. Rhizomes are located in several tiers up to 1 m deep.	Weeds all agricultural crops. Distributed in the Non-Chernozem zone.
Wormwood	Perennial. Taproot	Propagated by seeds and vegetatively, when cutting plants, new shoots are formed from the buds.	Distributed in the European part of the Russian Federation, Siberia, the Caucasus. It infests grain crops, vegetable gardens, perennial grasses, grows on pastures, along roads, in wastelands.

ReliciIIIit. With a strong infection, especially with a lack of moisture, plant growth stops. With good care of plants, the harmfulness of the disease is significantly reduced. 2. Characteristics of berry pests 2.1 Currant bud mite Order of acarimorph mites, family of gall four-legged mites. Widespread. A serious pest of currants in the south...