FM Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" was written in 1866 on the basis of modern events as a "psychological account of one crime." The protagonist of this work is a former law student Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. The title of the novel suggests that in the center of the book is the psychological life and fate of this person.

Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old woman pawnbroker, and in the epilogue he is serving a sentence in hard labor. But an even greater punishment for him is separation from people, pangs of conscience and the consciousness of his own failure as a great person.

The central idea of ​​the novel is the idea of ​​the resurrection of the soul, of its revival to a new life. If Sonya Marmeladova had not been next to Raskolnikov, he would not have been able to resurrect himself for a new life.

Sonya is conceived by the author not only as a double of the protagonist in fate (she also "stepped over"), but she also acts as the antipode of Raskolnikov according to the truth that she follows in life. At the end of the novel, Sonya's truth becomes the hero's truth.

Before us is a psychological and ideological work, in which each of the heroes has "a special point of view on the world and on himself," in the words of the literary critic MM Bakhtin. Each hero of Dostoevsky lives in accordance with his own idea. Raskolnikov's idea is the right of a proud person to transform the world, to eliminate suffering in it. Sonya's idea is in endless love for one's neighbor, in "insatiable compassion" and self-sacrifice, in faith in God, who "will not allow" more suffering than a person can bear.

Dostoevsky is convinced that a person has no right to demand happiness. Happiness is not so easy; it must be earned by suffering.

The image of Sonechka carries the main idea of ​​the novel. This heroine is the author's moral ideal.

Let us consider why Sonechka is called "eternal" in Dostoevsky's work.

For the first time, we learn about this girl from the story of her father, Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov. After the "test" Raskolnikov leaves the apartment of his future victim "in decisive embarrassment." He realizes that the intended murder is "dirty, filthy, disgusting," and enters the tavern. Here he listens to the story of the family of the former official Marmeladov. The native daughter of this drunken and degraded person was forced to go on a yellow ticket to save hungry children. Pushed her to this stepmother Katerina Ivanovna, "generous, but unfair," "hot lady, proud and unyielding." When the children started crying from hunger again, Katerina Ivanovna began to reproach Sonya with "parasitism". The meek stepdaughter quietly asked: "Well, Katerina Ivanovna, can I really go for such a thing?" A consumptive stepmother, “with agitated feelings,” “with the crying of children who have not eaten,” said “in a mockery,” “more for the sake of insult than in the exact sense”: “Well ... what to take care of? Eco treasure! " It was then that the poor girl went outside for the first time, and after a while she brought her stepmother 30 rubles as a sign that she had betrayed herself for the sake of her family.

Even then, listening to Marmeladov's painful story about his daughter, Raskolnikov, who had not yet killed the old woman, but only plotting a terrible crime, decides that he will only tell Sonia about everything. Even then, he decides that the girl will understand him and will not leave.

After visiting the beggarly corner of the Marmeladovs, the young man experiences conflicting feelings. On the one hand, he condemns poor people driven to extreme poverty: “Oh yes Sonya! What a well, however, they managed to dig! And they enjoy it! They are using it! And they got used to it. We cried and got used to it. Everything is a scoundrel - a person gets used to it! " But on the other hand, he feels compassion for these humiliated and insulted, who have nowhere else to go. In him there is a desire to change the world, a desire to act, and he calls all his moral vacillations "prejudices", "false fears": "... and there are no barriers, and this is how it should be!"

The day after meeting Marmeladov, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother. From it, he learns that his own sister Dunya decides to marry a respectable, wealthy lawyer Luzhin. The young man realizes that his sister is sacrificing failure for his welfare. In his reflections, the image arises “ eternal Sonechka"As a symbol of self-sacrifice for the sake of loved ones:" Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands! "

Creating the image of "eternal Sonya", the author attaches great importance to the portrait of his heroine. For the first time, the appearance of this fragile girl appears in the confession of her father: "... she is unrequited, and her voice is so meek ... blonde, her face is always pale, thin."

Three portrait details create evangelical motives and make us see the prototype of the Mother of God in the heroine. First of all, this is the family's big green handkerchief, which Sonya used to hide when she returned from the street. it symbolic detail... Green is the color of the Virgin. For grandfathers - thin cloth. This word sounds like Notre Dam - the French name for the Virgin. Secondly, "burnusik" - "cape and outerwear different kind, masculine and feminine, as if modeled on Arabic. " Such clothes were worn during the time of Christ. But the most important detail is psychological. When Marmeladov comes to his daughter to ask for money “for a hangover,” Sonya’s gaze is described in detail: “She didn’t say anything, she just looked at me in silence… So not on the ground, but there… they yearn for people, cry, but do not reproach, do not reproach!” Sonya does not condemn her father for sin, she loves him endlessly and sympathizes with her erring father. Sonya's gaze is the gaze of the Mother of God, who looks at people from heaven and yearns for their soul.

For the first time, the schismatics sees Sonya at the bedside of her dying father. A girl in a "penny outfit", but "decorated in a street style, to the taste and rules that have developed in her own special world with a bright and shamefully outstanding purpose." It was only before his death that Marmeladov realized how immeasurably guilty he was before his daughter when he saw her "humbled, killed, dressed up and ashamed, humbly awaiting her turn to say goodbye to her dying father." Only before his death did he ask for forgiveness from his daughter.

The portrait detail - "remarkably blue eyes" - emphasize inner beauty Sony.

If the first portrait conveys the abnormality, unnaturalness, ugliness of the girl's existence, then the second portrait, given in the episode of her visit to Raskolnikov's apartment, reveals the inner essence of the “eternal Sonechka”. The truth is revealed in the reflections of Rodion Romanovich about the fate of the girl: “All this shame, obviously, touched her only mechanically; real debauchery has not yet penetrated a single drop into her heart. " in the second portrait the “childishness” of the heroine stands out. Before us is "a modestly and even poorly dressed girl, still very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but as if somewhat intimidated face."

The central place in the novel is occupied by the episode of the reading of the Gospel. Sonya, at the request of Raskolnikov, reads to him about the resurrection of Lazarus. Conveying the excitement of a girl reading the most precious and intimate, the author reveals to the readers main secret her life is the hope of the resurrection. To a young man failed to make Sonya his like-minded person. Fragile and little Sonya turned out to be strong spiritually and steadfast. In this scene, the author conveys the inner strength of his heroine with the help of portrait details: “her weak chest was all swaying with excitement”; "She suddenly cried out, looking sternly and angrily at him", "gentle blue eyes that could sparkle with such a fire, such a harsh energetic feeling", "a small body still trembling with indignation and anger."

One of central characters the novel "Crime and Punishment" - Sonya Marmeladova.

This girl has a difficult fate. Sonya's mother passed away early, her father married another woman who has her own children. Need forced Sonya to earn money in a low way: she was forced to go to the panel. It would seem that after such an act, Sonya should have been angry with her stepmother, because she practically forced Sonya to earn money in this way. But Sonya forgave her, moreover, every month she brings money to the house in which she no longer lives. Sonya changed outwardly, but her soul remained the same: crystal clear. Sonya is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, and not everyone can do that. She could live "in spirit and mind," but she must feed her family. And this act proves her disinterestedness. Sonya did not condemn people for their actions, did not condemn either her father or Raskolnikov. The death of her father left a deep mark on Sonya's soul: "From under this ... hat peeped out a thin, pale and frightened face with an open mouth and eyes fixed with horror." Sonya loved her father, despite all his shortcomings. Therefore, his unexpected death was a great loss in Sonya's life.

She understands and experiences their pain together with people. So, she did not condemn Raskolnikov when he confessed to her that he had committed a crime: “She suddenly took him by both hands and bowed her head to her shoulder. This short gesture even struck Raskolnikov with bewilderment, it was even strange: how? not the slightest disgust, not the slightest disgust for him, not the slightest shudder in her hand! " Sonya realized that by killing the old woman-pawnbroker, Raskolnikov had killed himself. His theory collapsed, and he is at a loss. Sonechka, sincerely believing in God, advises him to pray, repent, and worship the earth. Raskolnikov understands that Sonya is an exceptional person: "Foolish, foolish!" To which Sonya replies: "Why, I am ... dishonest ... I am a great sinner." She has no one to hope for, no one to expect help from, so she believes in God. In prayer, Sonya finds comfort, so much needed by her soul. She does not judge people, since only God has the right to do so. But she does not force faith. She wants Raskolnikov to come to this himself. Although Sonya instructs and asks him: "Cross yourself, pray at least once." She loves this person and is ready to go with him even to hard labor, because she believes: Raskolnikov will understand his guilt, repent, start new life... Life with her, with Sonya. Love and faith give her strength in any trials and difficulties. And it was her infinite patience, quiet love, faith and desire to help a loved one - all this together made it possible for Raskolnikov to start a new life. For Sonya and for Dostoevsky himself, man's compassion for man is characteristic. Raskolnikov teaches Sonya courage and masculinity. Sonya teaches him mercy and love, forgiveness and compassion. She helps him find a way to the resurrection of the soul, but Raskolnikov himself strives for this. It is only in hard labor that he understands and accepts Sonya's faith and love: “Can her convictions not be my convictions now? Her feelings, her aspirations for at least... "Realizing this, Raskolnikov becomes happy and makes Sonya happy:" He knew with what endless love he would now redeem all her suffering. " Sonia is given happiness as a reward for her suffering.

Sonya is Dostoevsky's ideal. Because only a highly moral person, sincere and loving, can be an ideal. Sonya brings with her the light of hope and faith, love and sympathy, tenderness and understanding - this is how a person should be, according to Dostoevsky. And I completely agree with him.

You can be great in humility.

F. M. Dostoevsky

The image of Sonechka Marmeladova in the novel Crime and Punishment is for Dostoevsky the embodiment of the eternal humility and suffering of the female soul with her compassion for loved ones, love for people and boundless self-sacrifice. Meek and quiet Sonechka Marmeladova, weak, timid, unrequited, in order to save her family and relatives from hunger, decides on a terrible act for a woman. We understand that her decision is an inevitable, inexorable result of the conditions in which she lives, but at the same time it is an example of active action in the name of saving the lost. She has nothing but her body, and therefore the only possible way for her to save the little Marmeladovs from starvation is to engage in prostitution. Seventeen-year-old Sonya made a choice herself, made a decision herself, chose the road herself, feeling neither resentment nor anger toward Katerina Ivanovna, whose words were the last impetus that brought Sonya to the panel. Therefore, her soul did not harden, did not hate the hostile world, the dirt of street life did not touch her soul. She is saved by endless philanthropy. Sonya's whole life is an eternal sacrifice, an unselfish and endless sacrifice. But this is the meaning of life for Sonya, her happiness, her joy, she cannot live otherwise. Her love for people, like an eternal spring, feeds her tormented soul, gives her strength to walk the thorny path that is her whole life. She even thought about suicide in order to get rid of the shame and torment. Raskolnikov also believed that "it would be fairer and wiser to head straight into the water and end it all at once!" But suicide for Sonya would be too selfish a way out, and she thought about "them" - hungry children, and therefore consciously and humbly accepted the fate prepared for her. Humility, humility, Christian all-forgiving love for people, self-denial - the main thing in the character of Sonya.

Raskolnikov believes that Sonya's sacrifice is in vain, that she did not save anyone, but only "ruined" herself. But life refutes these words of Raskolnikov. It is to Sonya that Raskolnikov comes to confess his sin - the murder he committed. It is she who makes Raskolnikov confess to the crime, proving that the true meaning of life is in repentance and suffering. She believes that no one person has the right to take the life of another: "And who made me a judge: who should live, who should die?" Raskolnikov's convictions terrify her, but she does not push him away from herself. Great compassion makes her strive to convince, morally cleanse Raskolnikov's ruined soul. Sonya saves Raskolnikov, her love resurrects him to life.

Love helped Sonya understand that he is unhappy, that, with all his visible pride, he needs help and support. Love helped step over the double murder obstacle in order to try to resurrect and rescue the killer. Sonya goes to hard labor for Raskolnikov. Sonya's love and sacrifice cleanse her of a shameful and sad past. Sacrifice in love is an eternal trait characteristic of Russian women.

Sonia finds salvation for herself and for Raskolnikov in faith in God. Her faith in God is her last self-affirmation, giving her the opportunity to do good in the name of those to whom she sacrifices herself, her argument that her sacrifice will not be useless, that life will soon find its outcome in universal justice. Hence her inner strength and resilience, helping to go through the "circles of hell" of her joyless and tragic life. You can talk a lot about Sonia. She can be considered a heroine or an eternal martyr, but it is simply impossible not to admire her courage, her inner strength, her patience.

FM Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" presents the reader with a gallery of characters who do not only push Rodion Raskolnikov to commit a crime, but also directly or indirectly contribute to the recognition of the protagonist of what he had done, Raskolnikov's awareness of the failure of his theory, which was the main reason for the crime.
One of the central places in Dostoevsky's novel is occupied by the image of Sonya Marmeladova, a heroine whose fate evokes sympathy and respect in us. The more we learn about it, the more we are convinced of its purity and nobility, the more we begin to think about true human values. The image and judgments of Sonya make you look deep into yourself, help you evaluate what is happening around us.

This girl has a difficult fate. Sonya's mother passed away early, her father married another woman who has children of her own. Need made Sonya earn money in a low way: she had to go to the panel. It would seem that after such an act, Sonya should have been angry with her stepmother, because she almost forced Sonya to earn money in this way. But Sonya forgave her, moreover, every month she brings money to the house in which she no longer lives. Sonya changed outwardly, but her soul remained the same: crystal clear. Sonya is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, and not everyone can do that. She could live "in spirit and mind," but she must feed her family. She went to sin, dared to sell herself. But at the same time, she does not demand and does not expect any gratitude. She does not blame Katerina Ivanovna for anything, she simply resigns herself to her fate. “... And she took only our big green handkerchief from Dgradedam (we have such a common one, old-fashioned one), completely covered her head and face with it, and lay down on the bed, facing the wall, only her shoulders and body shuddered ...” Sonya closes face, because she is ashamed, ashamed in front of herself and God. Therefore, she rarely comes home, just to give the money, she is embarrassed when she meets Raskolnikov's sister and mother, she feels uncomfortable even at the commemoration of her own father, where she was so shamelessly insulted. Sonya is lost under the pressure of Luzhin, her meekness and quiet disposition make it difficult to stand up for herself.
All the actions of the heroine surprise with their sincerity and openness. She does nothing for herself, everything for the sake of someone: her stepmother, stepbrothers and sisters, Ras Kolnikova. The image of Sonya is the image of a true Christian and a righteous woman. It is most fully revealed in the scene of Raskolnikov's confession. Here we see Sonechkin's theory - "the theory of God." The girl cannot understand and accept Ras-Kolnikov's ideas, she denies his rise above everyone, his disdain for people. The very concept of "an extraordinary person" is alien to her, just as the possibility of transgressing the "law of God" is unacceptable. For her, everyone is equal, everyone will appear before the judgment of the Almighty. In her opinion, there is no person on Earth who would have the right to condemn his own kind, to decide their fate. "Kill? Do you have the right to kill? " - exclaims indignant Sonya. Despite her reverence for Ras-Kolnikov, she will never accept his theory.
The girl never makes an attempt to justify her position. She considers herself a sinner. In strength) "the circumstances, Sonya, like Raskolnikov, violated the moral law:" We are cursed together, together we will go, "Raskolnikov tells her. However, the difference between them is that he transgressed through the life of another person Sonia calls on Raskolnikov to repentance, she agrees to carry his cross with him, to help him come to the truth through suffering. We have no doubts about her words, the reader is sure that Sonia will follow Raskolnikov everywhere, everywhere and always will be with him. And why does she need it? Go to Siberia, live in poverty, suffer for the sake of a man who is dry with you, cold, rejects you. Only she, "eternal Sonechka", with kind heart and disinterested love for people. Dostoevsky managed to create a unique image: a prostitute who commands respect, the love of everyone around him - the idea of ​​humanism and Christianity permeates this image. Everyone loves and honors her: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, neighbors, convicts whom Sonya helps free of charge. Reading Raskolnikov's Gospel, the legend about the resurrection of Lazarus, Sonya awakens faith, love and repentance in his soul. "They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of the other." Rodion came to what Sonia urged him to, he overestimated life and its essence, as evidenced by his words: “Can her convictions now not be my convictions? Her feelings, her aspirations at least ... "

In my opinion, the fate of Sonechka finally convinced Raskolnikov of the fallacy of his theory. He saw before him not a "trembling creature", not a humble victim of circumstances, but a man whose self-sacrifice is far from humility and is aimed at saving the perishing, at effectively caring for his neighbors. Sonya, selfless in her devotion to both family and love, is ready to share the fate of Raskolnikov. She sincerely believes that Raskolnikov will be able to resurrect for a new life.

The basis of Sonya Marmeladova's personality is her belief in a person, in the indestructibility of good in his soul, in the fact that sympathy, self-sacrifice, forgiveness and universal love will save the world. Having created the image of Sonya Marmeladova, Dostoevsky outlined the antipode to Raskolnikov and his theories (good, mercy, opposed to evil). Life position girls reflect the views of the writer himself, his faith in goodness, justice, forgiveness and humility, but, above all, love for a person, whatever he may be.

I bowed not to you, I bowed to everything

bowed down to human suffering.

F. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment

FM Dostoevsky describes Sonya warmly and cordially: “It was a modest and even poorly dressed girl, still very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but as if somewhat intimidated face. She was wearing a very simple home dress, and on her head was an old hat of the same style. "

Like all the Petersburg poor, the Marmeladov family lives in terrible poverty: the eternally drunk, resigned to a humiliating and unjust life, the degraded Marmeladov, and the consumptive Katerina Ivanovna, and small helpless children. Seventeen-year-old Sonya finds the only way out to save her family from starvation - she goes out to sell her own body. For a deeply religious girl, such an act is a terrible sin, since, violating Christian commandments, she ruins her soul, dooming it to torment during life and to eternal suffering after death. And yet she sacrifices herself for the sake of her father's children, for the sake of her stepmother. Merciful, unselfish Sonya finds the strength not to become bitter, not to fall into the dirt that surrounds her in street life, to maintain endless philanthropy and faith in the strength of the human person, despite the fact that she causes irreparable harm to her soul and conscience.

That is why Raskolnikov, who broke all ties with people close to him, in the most difficult moments for him comes to Sonya, brings her his pain, his crime. According to Rodion, Sonya committed no less serious crime than he, and maybe even more terrible, since she sacrifices not someone, but herself, and this sacrifice is in vain. The girl is well aware of the guilt that lies on her conscience, because she even thought about suicide, which could save her from shame and torment in this life. But the thought of poor and helpless hungry children made her come to terms, forget about her suffering.

Considering that Sonya actually didn’t save anyone, but only “ruined” herself, Raskolnikov tries to convert her to his “faith” and asks her an insidious question: which is better - a scoundrel “to live and do abominations” or an honest person to die? And she gets an exhaustive answer from Sonya: "Why, I can't know God's providence ... And who put me here to judge: who should live and who won't live?" Rodion Raskolnikov never succeeded in convincing a girl who was firmly convinced that sacrificing herself for the good of loved ones is one thing, but depriving others in the name of this good is a completely different matter. Therefore, all of Sonya's efforts are aimed at destroying the inhuman theory of Raskolnikov, who is "terribly, infinitely unhappy."

Defenseless, but strong in her obedience, capable of self-denial, “eternal Sonechka” is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, therefore, in her actions, life itself blurs the boundaries between good and evil. Not sparing herself, the girl saved the Marmeladov family, just as selflessly she rushes to save Raskolnikov, feeling that he needs him. According to Sonya, the way out lies in humility and acceptance of the basic Christian norms, which help not only to repent of their sins, but also to cleanse themselves of everything evil and destructive for human soul... It is religion that helps the girl to survive in this scary world and gives hope for the future.

Thanks Sleep

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