Most often, when literally conveying someone's words, people do not even think that they are using sentences with direct speech in their statement. If they are transferred to paper, then they will require the correct schematic writing with registration using special punctuation marks - quotation marks.
Any statement, whether mental or voiced, can be written as a sentence with direct speech or narration. In modern Russian, constructions with direct, improperly direct speech, indirect and dialogue are distinguished.
What is direct speech?
In Russian, sentences with direct speech serve to literally convey other people's words. At the same time, it is also important to indicate the one who said them, therefore, such a sentence contains the words of the author and his statement. In the words of the author there is always a verb that shows exactly how the speech is transmitted or with what emotional coloring. For example, he said, thought, said, approved, suggested, and others:
- “Something got colder, maybe hail passed nearby,” thought Peter.
- I order you: "Leave your brother alone, let him deal with his own life."
- “Why is there no one here,” Alenka was surprised, “did I come earlier or was I late?”
- “It’s always like this,” Grandma sighed heavily.
Few people know that the first books were printed without punctuation marks, and such a concept as “quotation marks” was first used in literature at the end of the 18th century. It is believed that N. M. Karamzin introduced this symbol for written speech. They most likely got their name from the dialect word “kavysh”, which meant “duckling”. Similar to the traces of duck feet, quotation marks took root and became a punctuation mark when writing names and transmitting other people's words.
Making structures that convey someone else's speech
Sentences with direct speech are divided into two parts: the words of the author and the statement. Quotes, commas, dashes and colons are used to separate them. Only if the speaker is not indicated, quotes are not put, for example, these are proverbs and sayings (You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without labor), in which the author is a people, a collective person.
Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech are placed depending on where exactly the words of the author are located.
- When the author's words are at the beginning of a sentence, they are followed by a colon, and the statement is framed on both sides with quotation marks. For example, "The teacher reminded the class: "Tomorrow at school is a subbotnik." At the end of a sentence with direct speech (examples below), a sign is placed, depending on intonation. For example:
1) Masha was surprised: “Where did you come from here?”
2) Frightened by the darkness, the baby shouted: "Mom, I'm afraid!"
- Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech without indicating the author, going in one line, are separated from each other with a dash. For example:
"Where are you going now?" I asked my frowning friend. - "Why do you need to know?" - “What if we are on the way?” - "Hardly".
Each sentence with direct speech can be represented as a diagram.
Offer schemes
The sentence scheme with direct speech consists of symbols and punctuation marks. In it, the letter “p” or “P” denotes direct speech, and the letter “A” or “a” denotes the words of the author. Depending on the spelling of letters, the words of the author or direct speech are written with a capital or small letter.
- "P", - a. “We should have turned left here,” the passenger told the driver.
- "P!" - a. "You weren't standing here, young man!" shouted the grandmother from the end of the line.
- "P?" - a. "Why are you following me?" I asked the old dog.
- A: "P". Mom turned to her son: "After school, go to the store for bread."
- A: "P!" Grandmother pushed the plate back to her grandson: “Eat, otherwise you won’t go for a walk!”
- A: "P?" The teacher raised his eyes in surprise: “How are you going to deal with such marks?”
These are examples of whole direct sentences
Schemes of a "broken" straight design
The sentence diagram with direct speech clearly shows how to punctuate.
The use of direct speech
The Russian language has many ways of presenting the story. Direct speech sentences are one of them. Most often they are used in literary texts and in newspaper articles, where verbatim transmission of someone's statements is required.
Without the transmission of human thoughts and words, fiction would only be descriptive and would hardly be successful with readers. Most of all they are interested in other people's thoughts and feelings that cause a positive or negative response in the mind. It is this that "binds" the reader to the work and determines whether it is liked or not.
Another technique used in Russian literature and everyday life is indirect speech.
What is indirect speech?
It is easy to remember how sentences with direct speech differ from indirect speech. There is no literal transmission of other people's words and intonation in it. These are complex sentences with subordinate and main parts, combined with the help of conjunctions, pronouns or the particle “li”.
Sentences with direct and indirect speech in Russian convey other people's words, but they sound different at the same time. For example:
- The doctor warned: "Today the procedures will start an hour earlier." This is a direct speech with a literal transmission of the words of the doctor.
- The doctor warned that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier. This is indirect speech, as the words of the doctor are transmitted by someone else. In sentences with indirect speech, the words of the author (the main part) always come before the statement itself (the subordinate part) and are separated from it by a comma.
Structure of indirect sentences
Like all complex sentences, indirect ones consist of a main and one or more subordinates:
- The doctor warned that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier, so you have to get up earlier.
Also, indirect speech can be transmitted in a simple sentence using minor members, for example:
- The doctor warned about the beginning of the procedures an hour earlier.
In this example, the words of the doctor are transmitted without constructing a complex sentence, but their meaning is conveyed correctly.
An important indicator when changing direct speech into indirect speech is that in a complex sentence from the main part to the secondary one can always pose the question:
- The doctor warned (about what?) that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier.
To construct indirect speech, unions and pronouns are used. This is the difference between a sentence with direct and indirect speech.
Conjunctions and allied words for the transmission of other people's words
In the event that indirect speech is narrative in nature, the union “what” is used:
- Mom said it's better to take an umbrella.
When a sentence of an incentive nature is used, the union "to" is used:
- Grandma told me to wash the dishes.
When creating an interrogative indirect sentence, the same pronouns are preserved that interrogative sentences with direct speech have:
If there are no interrogative pronouns in direct speech, the particle “li” is used in a sentence with indirect speech:
- I asked: “Are you going to finish your borscht?”
- I asked if he would finish his borscht.
When transmitting other people's words in indirect speech, the intonation of the speaker is not transmitted.
Improper direct speech
Another type of indirect sentences is improperly direct speech. It combines the speech of the author with the character at the same time.
To better understand the difference, you should analyze the sentence with direct speech, indirect and improperly direct.
- Arriving from Greece, my friends said: "We will definitely return there." This is a sentence with direct speech, divided into the words of the author and the statement itself.
- Arriving from Greece, my friends said that they would definitely return there. This is a sentence with indirect speech, in which from the main part you can put a question to the subordinate (did you say what?)
- My friends are from Greece. They will definitely return there! This is an improperly direct speech, the main function of which is to convey the main meaning of what was said, but not on behalf of the characters who visited Greece, but on behalf of the author of the story, their friend.
The main difference between improperly direct speech is the transfer of other people's emotions with the help of one's own words.
Dialog
Another type of transmission of someone else's speech in literature is dialogue. It is used to convey the words of several participants, while the replicas are written from a new line and are highlighted by a dash:
The teacher asked:
Why weren't you in class?
I went to the doctor, - the student answered.
Dialogue is used in fiction in works with a large number of characters.
Compare the three sentences that are given in the book by N. S. Valgina "The Syntax of the Modern Russian Language" to illustrate what improper direct speech is:
Friends visited the theater. Liked it very much them this performance!
In the first case, we have a construction in which the words of friends are framed as direct speech. Neither the content nor the form of their statement has changed: what is enclosed in quotation marks completely reproduces their speech.
The second line contains a construction with indirect speech. Someone else's speech is transmitted with the help of a subordinate clause, which is joined with the help of the union WHAT. The content of the utterance is preserved, but the exclamatory intonation is lost.
The third option is very similar to the first, but without the colon and quotes. In addition, the first person pronoun NAM changed to the third person pronoun IM, as in indirect speech. This way of introducing someone else's text is called inappropriately direct speech.
Its essence lies in the fact that it almost completely preserves the lexical and syntactic features of someone else's statement, the manner of speech of the speaking person, the emotional coloring characteristic of direct speech, but it is transmitted not on behalf of the character, but on behalf of the author, narrator. The author in this case connects the thoughts and feelings of his hero with his own, merges his speech with his speech. This technique is often used in fiction and journalism when the author needs to show his character from the inside, to let the reader hear his inner voice. Read an example of improperly direct speech from L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace":
Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look at the distance, at the water of the Danube, at the sky, at the sun. How beautiful the sky looked, how blue, calm and deep! How gently and glossy the water shone in the distant Danube!(L. Tolstoy)
Dialog
Other people's sentences written in this way completely retain both form and content. Direct or indirect speech is used by authors when it is necessary to reproduce a phrase belonging to any one character, and dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation) is used when it is necessary to convey several lines of characters talking to each other.
We will talk about the punctuation design of dialogic speech in the next chapter of the textbook.
AN EXERCISE
And his father told him
_You, Gavrilo, well done!_
(Ershov)
Everything will be decided_ _he thought, going up to the living room_ I will explain myself to her_. (Pushkin).
He sat down in an armchair, put his cane in a corner, yawned and announced that it was getting hot outside (Lermontov).
I did not ask my faithful companion_ _why he didn’t take me straight to those places_ (Turgenev).
Suddenly the coachman began to look away and, finally, taking off his hat, turned to me and said _ _ Master, would you order me to come back? _ (Pushkin).
No, no, _she repeated in despair_ better to die, better to go to a monastery, better to go after Dubrovsky_.
Oh, my fate is deplorable! _
The princess tells him
If you want to take me
Then you deliver to me in three days
My ring from okiyana_.
(Ershov)
I answered with indignation_ _ that I, an officer and a nobleman, would not enter into any service with Pugachev and could not accept any orders from him_ (according to Pushkin).
Sometimes I say to myself_ _No, of course not! The little prince always covers the rose with a glass cap at night, and he watches the lamb very much ..._ (Antoine de Saint-Exupery).
The girl tells him
_But look, you're gray;
I am only fifteen years old.
How can we get married?
All the kings will start laughing
Grandfather, they will say, took his granddaughter!_
(Ershov).
He reported_ _that the governor ordered his officials on special assignments to wear spurs_ (according to Turgenev).
He sat down next to me and began to say_ _what a famous surname he was and an important upbringing_ (according to Leskov).
It doesn't matter, Petrusha_ _my mother answered me_ this is your imprisoned father; kiss his hand and let him bless you ... _ (Pushkin).
You used to stand, stand in a corner, so that your knees and back would ache, and you would think_ _Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; it must be easy for him to sit on an easy chair and read hydrostatics - but what about me?
You are not our sovereign_ _ answered Ivan Ignatich, repeating the words of his captain._ You, uncle, are a thief and an impostor!_ (Pushkin).
The next day, at breakfast, Grigory Ivanovich asked his daughter_ _whether she intended to hide from the Berestovs_ (Pushkin).
Integrity and coherence as the main properties of the text
In modern domestic linguistics of the text, attention is primarily focused on the two main properties that make up the essence of the text - on integrity and coherence. These properties imply a connection, the unification of text elements into a single whole, affecting different aspects of the organization of a speech work. Integrity implies internal completeness, semantic unity of the text. Connectivity consists in the linking of text elements to each other, and not only the elements that follow in the text directly one after another, but also at some distance from each other.
Integrity and coherence are the systemic properties of speech works, they underlie the very basis for separating text linguistics into an independent scientific discipline. This circumstance is well understood by domestic linguists. V. B. Kasevich says, outlining the range of problems of text linguistics: “What remains and is there anything left for text linguistics? Apparently, text linguistics still has its own object of study. Two facts can be pointed out in favor of this. Firstly, as long as the text objectively exists, then the description and modeling of the text is possible, the typology of texts is possible according to their structure, according to the distribution of certain units within them, etc. solved by the linguistics of the text. True, even here it can be said that the means that ensure integrity and coherence belong to the language system, but from the point of view of the latter, they most often do not have any specifics, but acquire it in the text.
These two features are so important that neither scientists who give the latest linguistic definitions of the text, nor authors who describe the main trends in the development of text linguistics can ignore them. In ch. 5 already mentioned one of the latest definitions, recorded in the "Concise Dictionary of Linguistic Terms", where the text is understood as "a meaningful sequence of verbal signs that has the properties of coherence and integrity, .." . In the same way, when distinguishing two directions in modern text linguistics, T. M. Nikolaeva emphasizes that they are united by “general laws of text coherence and a common orientation towards the integrity of the text.”
From the very beginning of text linguistics, the main attention of text researchers has been occupied by the problems of the connectivity of large speech segments. The reason for this state of affairs can be seen in the imperfection of the methodology for the linguistic analysis of entire speech works and the insufficiency of the conceptual apparatus used in linguistics in the study of traditional structural linguistic units - phonemes, morphemes, words and sentences. At the end of the 70s of the XX century. A. A. Leontiev pessimistically stated that "the apparatus of modern text linguistics is suitable only for the analysis of coherence." This pessimism referred, of course, to the prospects of analyzing the integrity of the text. The problems of the text as a whole began to come to the fore much later, although the mutual conditioning of integrity and coherence was obvious to scientists from the very beginning.
In foreign linguistic literature, coherence and integrity are also recognized as the main features of the text. Most often, scientists consider them separately from each other, as, for example, in the concept of R * Bogrand and V. Dressler, but sometimes they are combined under one name, for example, “text coherence”. This term refers to the specific relationship of the constituents of the text, observed at different levels: a) between sentences at the grammatical level. T. van Dijk prefers to talk about two types of connection that characterize different levels of discourse. Local connectivity is determined by the relationship between neighboring propositions. Global connectivity is of a more general nature and characterizes the entire discourse as a whole or its large fragments. But in principle, here we are also talking about coherence and integrity - the central concepts of modern linguistic analysis of the text.
To be able to convey other people's words, including them in your text, is necessary not only for graduates, but also for schoolchildren in grades 5-8.
The most important thing for them is the practical application in writing of different ways of transmitting someone else's speech.
Alien speech is usually called words belonging either to the speaker himself or to another person.
When reading works of art, we meet the statements of the narrator and the character, separated from the moment of speech by some time distance.
Someone else's speech is speech in speech, it always contains someone else's word, which is easy to recognize by certain markers.
Among the ways of transmitting someone else's speech are direct, indirect, improperly direct speech, quoting. You can also use additions that convey the topic of speech, introductory constructions and special particles that express the meaning of reliability. Consider examples.
EXAMPLE ONE: direct speech
1) "Don't worry! 1 - their guide said 2 .- This is us in an instant, without witnesses 3 . Not the first time I climb here... 4 »
In the example with direct speech - sentence numbers are numbered at the end - you can select the words of the author (second sentence) and direct speech (1, 3, 4 sentences).
EXAMPLE TWO: indirect speech
2) He told 1 how he had to celebrate Easter in Moscow 2 as a boy.
Here is a sentence with indirect speech. The first part of the complex explanatory sentence (main) has the author's speech and the verb of speech "told", the second part (subordinate) contains a retelling of the speech of another person.
EXAMPLE THREE: improperly direct speech
3) And Berlioz shuddered again. How does a madman know about the existence of the Kyiv uncle? Ege-ge, isn't Homeless right? Well, how are these fake documents?
This is an improperly direct speech, since these sentences represent the inner speech of the character, his mental monologue with himself. In this speech, the original phrases and word order of the speaker, his emotions and intonations, characteristic of direct speech, are preserved. But such a statement is transmitted on behalf of the author, not the hero.
EXAMPLE FOUR: quoting
4) I involuntarily want to repeat the words of A.P. Chekhov: "... on the Yenisei, life began with a groan, and it will end with prowess, which we never even dreamed of..."
This method involves the literal transmission of other people's words without any distortion, being in fact one of the forms of expressing direct speech.
EXAMPLE FIVE: quotation element
5) Then she turned to Azazello, wanting to get an explanation for this ridiculous “ba!” ...
One foreign word is introduced into this sentence as an element of a quotation.
EXAMPLE SIX: addition
6) The teacher talked to the children about happiness.
In the sentence, with the help of an object expressed by a noun in the Prepositional case with the preposition O, the main topic of the conversation is briefly conveyed.
EXAMPLE SEVEN: introductory construction
7) According to the children, happiness is world peace.
The introductory phrase replaces the words of the author.
EXAMPLE EIGHT: Particles
8) He, they say, did not want to offend him. Nikanor Ivanovich, in some bewilderment, objected that, they say, foreigners are supposed to live in the Metropol, and not at all in private apartments ...
Particles SAY, MOL help to express someone else's speech indirectly.
EXAMPLE NINE: non-union complex sentence
9) The great French sculptor Rodin said that a sculpture is created like this: a stone is taken and everything superfluous is removed.
In this example, a non-union complex sentence is used instead of direct speech.
So, other people's words are accurately reproduced in direct speech and when quoting, their main content is conveyed in indirect speech and with the help of introductory constructions and particles, and additions name only the topic of the statement.
When direct and indirect speech are mixed, there are grammatical errors. Let's find out what changes direct speech undergoes when translating it into indirect speech. First, the use of pronouns and word order change. Secondly, the mood forms of verbs change and different explanatory conjunctions are used. Thirdly, the appeal is eliminated or used as a member of the sentence.
Converting direct speech to indirect
1) He told me: I leaving tomorrow Yu to the village". He told me that tomorrow he leaving no to the village.
In indirect speech, the pronoun 3 person is used instead of 1 person.
2) I asked him: " You leaving eat to the village tomorrow? I asked him as I left. no whether he to the village tomorrow.
The 3rd person pronoun is used instead of the 2nd person. To express a question in indirect speech, we use the conjunction LI.
3) He asked me: “Come and to to me tomorrow". - He asked me to I come l to him tomorrow.
The pronoun of the 1st person is used instead of the 2nd person and the indicative mood of the verb is used instead of the imperative. Motivation in indirect speech is expressed with the help of the union TO.
4) The brother asked his sister: “ Masha, wait and me!" The brother asked his sister Masha, to she is wait la his.
The appeal "Masha" becomes a member of the sentence, the pronoun 3rd person is used instead of 1st person.
Task: translate direct speech into indirect speech
"It looks like it's going to rain," Mom suggested.
Pasha said: "Probably the weather will change."
"Is it really that far away?" - asked the grandfather.
Ivan thought and asked the boy: “What is your name?”
"Seryozha, did you like the movie?" Misha asked.
"Open the window, please!" - asked Light.
CHECK YOURSELF!
Mom suggested that it would rain.
Pasha said that the weather would change.
Grandpa asked if it was a long way.
Ivan thought and asked the boy about his name.
Misha asked Seryozha if he liked the film.
Sveta asked to open the window.
Task: and now translate back: indirect speech into direct speech.
I was told that the book had already been published.
And then I remembered that they forgot the gun ...
The grandmother sternly asked her grandson when he had holidays.
Inka asked Ivan where he used to study.
He asked me to bring him a book.
I was told to go to the director.
CHECK YOURSELF!
They told me: "The book has already been published."
And then I remembered: “The gun was forgotten ...”
"When do you have holidays?" Grandma asked sternly.
“Ivan, where did you study before?” - asked Inka.
He asked me: "Bring me a book, please."
"Come to the director!" - told me.
We analyze and correct grammatical errors in sentences with indirect and direct speech.
Error:
P.I. Bagration said about himself that I would donate the last drop of blood to Russia.
Correctly: P.I. Bagration said about himself that he would donate the last drop of blood to Russia.
Error:
I didn't notice if he was in the room.
Correctly: I didn't notice if he was in the room. I didn't notice that he was in the room.
Error:
We asked him if he had the right to count on state assistance.
Correctly: We asked if he had the right to count on state assistance.
Error:
Peter felt how tired his eyes were sticking together and his body was aching terribly.
Correctly: Peter felt his eyes stick together from fatigue and his body ached terribly.
Error:
He said that he would not have time to complete the work on time.
Correctly: He said that he would not be able to complete the work on time.
Error:
Clara asked if she could buy milk from you?
Correctly: Clara asked if she could buy some milk.
Error:
In the poem "Monument" Pushkin wrote that "I aroused good feelings with my lyre."
Correctly: In the poem "Monument" Pushkin wrote that he "awakened good feelings with a lyre."
Error:
Nastya asked that they would come to us.
Correctly: Nastya asked if they would come to us.
Error:
Sergei said that I would be back next week.
Correctly: Sergei said that he would be back next week.
Error:
The message said that I apologize.
Correctly: It was written in the message that he was asking for forgiveness.
Error:
With a shy smile on his face, he said that he wanted to see you often.
Correctly: With a shy smile on his face, he said that he wanted to see her often.
Error:
As P.I. Tchaikovsky that "inspiration is born only from labor and during labor."
Correctly: As P.I. Tchaikovsky, "inspiration is born only from labor and during labor."
Error:
Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes that "I look sadly at our generation ..."
Correctly: Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes: “I look sadly at our generation ...”
Error:
As A.P. Chekhov said: “Everything should be beautiful in a person.”
Correctly: A.P. Chekhov said: “Everything should be beautiful in a person.”
Error:
Mom said "come home early".
Correctly: Mom said, "Come home early."
Error:
In an effort to cheer up Chaadaev, A.S. Pushkin writes that "comrade, believe: she will rise, the star of captivating happiness."
Correctly: In an effort to cheer up Chaadaev, A.S. Pushkin writes: "Comrade, believe: she will rise, the star of captivating happiness."
Error:
Thanks to the viewers for interesting questions and sincere interest, the host announced that "a new meeting with a new hero awaits you."
Correctly: Thanks to the audience for interesting questions and sincere interest, the host announced: "A new meeting with a new hero awaits you."
Literature
1. Akhmetova G.D. Direct speech as a verbal technique of subjectivation / Russian language at school. - 2004. - No. 2. - P.64-67.
2. Vinogradova E.M. Alien speech in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita" / Russian language at school. - 2016. - No. 5. - S. 44-51.
3. Molodtsova S.N. Ways of transmitting someone else's speech. Direct and indirect speech / Russian language at school. - 1988. - No. 2. - S. 40-44.
Direct speech characterized by the following features: a) accurately reproduces someone else's statement; b) accompanied by the author's words. The purpose of the author's words is to establish the very fact of someone else's speech and indicate to whom it belongs. The author's words can also explain, for example, under what conditions someone else's speech was delivered, to whom it is addressed, they can evaluate it, etc. For example: “What does this mean? he [Dubrovsky] angrily asked Anton, who was running towards him. “Who are they and what do they need?” (P.).
Author's words and direct speech form a special syntactic construction, consisting of independent parts, related in meaning and intonation. The connection between both parts of the construction may be closer or less close, depending on their mutual arrangement, the lexical meaning of the verb-predicate in the author's words introducing direct speech, etc. Wed:
a) Marina sighed: “You see! But this, of course, is mischief ”(M. G.). After the author's words, a separating pause is possible here (indicated by a dot in writing), which emphasizes the weakness of the intonational connection between both parts of the complex structure and their syntactic independence.
b) Finally, I said to him: “Well, well, Savelich! Completely, make peace, guilty ”(P.). The author's words form a sentence that does not have a semantic completeness: with a transitive verb said, an addition is necessary indicating the object of the statement. Such an object of utterance can be expressed by a sentence member, a subordinate clause (in indirect speech) or direct speech (as in the example above).
Direct speech can convey:
1) the statement of another person, for example: “Guys who have weapons, get here,” Dubava commanded in a whisper (N. Ostr.);
2) the words of the author himself, uttered by him earlier, for example: “You didn’t fight him? I asked. - Circumstances, right, separated you? (P.);
3) unspoken thoughts, for example: I look after him and think: “Why do such people live?” (M. G.).
Author's words can occupy a different position in relation to the author's speech. They can:
1) precede direct speech, for example: Ivan Ignatich opened the door, solemnly proclaiming: “Brought!” (P.);
2) follow direct speech, for example: “Do you know grandfather, mother?” - mother's son says (N.);
3) be included in direct speech, for example: “Belikov lived in the same house where I did,” Burkin continued, “on the same floor, door against door” (Ch.);
4) include direct speech, for example: I just straightened up and thought: “Why is my father walking around the garden at night?” - when everything calmed down around (T.).
Author's words usually contain in their composition a verb of utterance or thought (say, speak, ask, answer, think, etc.). Sometimes nouns with the indicated meanings (words, exclamation, question, etc.) act as words that introduce direct speech, for example: Speech began to be heard everywhere: “It's time to get to the buckshot!” (L.). Less commonly, the same role is played by verbs denoting the speaker's feelings, his internal state, movements, etc. (to be delighted, surprised, sigh, smile, point out, etc.), for example: “Muzgarko, are you in your mind? - the old man was surprised. - Overslept convoy! (M.-S.).
Indirect speech, along with direct speech, is a way of transmitting other people's words in speech. Unlike direct speech, sentences with indirect speech serve to convey only the meaning of what was said by another person, without preserving the stylistic features of the original statement. From a syntactic point of view, indirect speech acts as a subordinate clause in a complex subordinate clause, where the role of the main clause is played by the author's words. The subordinate clause containing indirect speech follows the main clause and joins the predicate with the help of conjunctions and relative words characteristic of the subordinate explanatory clauses, like what, to, as if, allegedly, as if, where, where, when, from where, what, which etc. union what indicates that the speaker is confident in the reliability of the information, and is used when replacing the declarative sentence of someone else's speech.
· I was told it was time to get ready to go.
Unions as if, as if indicate that the speaker doubts the accuracy of the information being conveyed.
· Yesterday they said that before that he had drunk a whole barrel of wine.
Relative words what, what, where, when, where etc. are used when replacing an interrogative sentence in direct speech.
· A woman approached me and asked where the nearest pharmacy was.
In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used in relation to a person who conveys someone else's speech:
· Then he said he would be back in an hour. Then he said: "I'll be back in an hour."
· She asked me to pick her up in the evening. - She asked: "Come for me in the evening."
Appeals, interjections, onomatopoeia, etc., used in someone else's speech, are omitted in indirect speech, and their meaning is conveyed by words that are similar in meaning:
· I yelled, “Hey! Have you lost your way, by any chance?" I called out to him and asked him if he was lost.
Sometimes verbatim expressions of someone else's speech are preserved in indirect speech. In writing, this is conveyed using quotation marks.
Improper direct, or non-proprietary, speech
- a method of transmitting someone else's speech, in which elements are used straight(mass media indirect(see) speeches. This is the narrator's speech, at the same time permeated with vocabulary, meanings (semantics), syntactic constructions of the character's speech - the source of information, his intonations, feelings, thoughts. With direct speech, it is brought together by the reproduction of the speaker’s manner of speech (his original expressions, the structure of speech), with indirect speech - the fact that in it personal forms of verbs and pronouns are used on behalf of the narrator. But at the same time, no introductory verbs of speech and thought are used ( "said that..."; "said that..."), i.e. there is no formal signal of the transition from the author's speech to someone else's. N.-p. R. is not highlighted in the text by the author's words, is not introduced as a subordinate clause of a complex sentence.
The author, as it were, merges the speech of his hero with his own, adapts his own manner of speaking to his speech manner. For example: He remembered how, as a child, during a thunderstorm, he ran out into the garden with his head uncovered, and two white-haired girls with blue eyes were chasing him, and they were wet with rain; they laughed with delight, but when a strong thunderclap was heard, the girls trustingly clung to the boy, he crossed himself and hurried to read: "Holy, holy, holy ...".
monologue and dialogic speech -
Types of speech activity by the nature of participation speaking and addressee in a situation of verbal communication. In M.R. active is the speaker or writer. The addressee may not be directly involved in the speech act: he may be distant in space and time. His reaction to the speaker's speech is not provided for by this form of speech. In M.R. the speaker is the manager of linguistic means, their choice, connection. The monologue is dominated by declarative sentences, questions and answers are not expected. In D.R. the speaker and the addressee participate, changing roles. At the same time, each of them can use the speech material of the other, building his own line based on the speech of the second participant.
Develop fragments of lessons on the topic "Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue" at school based on the use of psychological mechanisms and pedagogical patterns of learning by students. Expand the concepts of "punctuation" and "central and peripheral punctuation systems." Name the basic principles of Russian punctuation, punctuation marks and their main functions. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in the first four paragraphs of the above text.
know the features of the dialogue and punctuation marks in it;
be able to distinguish between punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue, draw up sentence patterns;
Work on the culture of oral and written speech, expressive reading.
improve the ability of students to find sentences with direct speech and dialogue in context,
apply the conditions for choosing punctuation marks in sentences of these constructions.
ACQUIRED SKILLS:
be able to see the dialogue,
· be able to punctuate the dialogue.
FORMS OF ORGANIZING THE WORK OF CHILDREN:
collective,
independent,
· methods of research work: observation with the use of technical teaching aids and the formulation of appropriate conclusions.
FORMS OF ORGANIZING THE WORK OF A TEACHER:
an explanation,
monitoring the work of students
analysis of the work of students,
differentiated tasks,
control over the execution of tasks.
LESSON PLAN.
I. ORGMOMENT.
II. SYNTAXIC WORK WITH STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. (Slide number 2.)
III. MESSAGE TOPICS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON. (Slide 3)
IV. WORK ON THE TOPIC.
· VOCABULARY-SPELLING and LEXICAL WORK. (Slides 4-7.)
· OBSERVATION, ANALYSIS OF PUNCTATION SIGNS IN DIRECT SPEECH AND DIALOGUE. (Slides 8-9.)
V. CONSOLIDATION OF THE STUDY. (Slides 10-11.)
VI. HOMEWORK. (Slide number 12.)
VII. LESSON SUMMARY. (SLIDE #13)
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION.
· See the authoring evaluation flow chart.
See photos of the lesson.
· Lesson summary.
The third form of someone else's speech is improperly direct speech, which occupies an intermediate position between direct and indirect speech. Improper direct speech belongs to the author, all pronouns and forms of the person of the verb are framed in it from the point of view of the author, that is, as in indirect speech. But at the same time, improperly direct speech has bright lexical-syntactic and stylistic features of the character's direct speech. In contrast to indirect speech, improperly direct speech is formed not as a subordinate clause with the verb of speech, but as an independent sentence. Compare:
Direct speech:
He went outside, looked at the sky and said: "What bright stars! Probably, the frost will become even stronger."
Indirect speech:
He went outside, looked up at the sky and said, that the stars are very bright, and the frost is likely to get even worse.
Improper direct speech:
He went outside and looked at the sky. What bright stars! The frost will probably get even worse.
Improperly direct speech arose and developed in the depths of fiction and is its specific means. The first in Russian literature to widely use this form of speech was A.S. Pushkin. Artistic prose, as G.M. Chumakov, "and, due to its exclusively emotional nature, the sphere of dissemination of improperly direct speech was limited: in the language of journalism (not counting literary and artistic essays), and even more so in the language of science, it is absent."
Some linguists see the main semantic sign of improperly direct speech in what the author says from the point of view of grammar, others in the fact that the author speaks for the hero, thanks to which a specific unified narrative plan is created, and still others in what the author says. and hero at the same time.
The specificity of improperly direct speech lies in a special form, a way of conveying someone else's statement - in two-dimensionality. Formally, it is built from the author, but the "voice" of the character is very clearly heard in it, lexical and syntactic elements of direct speech (interjections, exclamatory sentences) are included in the author's speech, personal pronouns of the 3rd person acquire a dual character in such a verbal environment.
Thus, improperly direct speech is an indirect way of conveying someone else's statement, close to this statement itself, allowing you to subtly, as if from the inside, characterize the hero, penetrate into his inner world, indirectly evaluate his actions, behavior, speech style of the hero, etc. . In improperly direct speech, someone else's statement, while retaining some of its essential features, but without clear marks of personal affiliation, is reproduced in the forms of the author's speech. The speech of the character, as it were, is clothed with the author's speech and reproduced in the forms of the latter. Using improperly direct speech, the author, as it were, transforms into a hero, remaining at the same time within the framework of his author's speech. Therefore, very often, improperly direct speech naturally and imperceptibly passes into the direct speech of a character.
Lyzhin woke up and sat up in bed. What a vague, bad dream! And why did the agent and sotsky dream together? What nonsense! (A P. Chekhov).
Ivan Ilyich had to report to the army headquarters, report on the arrival of the ship with fire supplies and hand over the invoice. But the devil knows where to look for this headquarters (A.N. Tolstoy).
Being a typical attribute of fiction, indirect speech begins to penetrate into journalism. But its use here is limited by the laws of the genre. We can talk about elements, grains of improperly direct speech in journalism. For example:
The time was approaching noon. The sun rose to its zenith. Cars raced both from Moscow and to Moscow. What attracts people to the capital on this hot Sunday?
The bus pulled up to the curb. We get acquainted with the doctor Praskovya Ivanovna. O no, nothing happened! Her patients, factory dispensary workers, go to the Bolshoi Theatre.
The difference between journalism and fiction in the use of improperly direct speech lies in its functions. In fiction, this is, as a rule, a detailed and vivid, emotional and effective means of characterizing the character, the most important tool of the author's speech, a way of deep revealing the psychology of the hero. The forms of use and functions of improperly direct speech in fiction are complex and diverse.
“Indirect speech,” writes I.I. Kovtunova, “is one of the secrets of writing: it allows the author’s tendency to be hidden, often imperceptible to the reader, embodying it in images, thereby contributing to the implementation of the requirements that apply to any work of art : the tendency should follow from the images. The reception of improperly direct speech allows one and the same phenomenon to be illuminated simultaneously from different points of view (from the point of view of the subjective and objective), due to which it acquires great depth. "
In journalism, the function of improperly direct speech is much more modest. This is an expressive and concise means of conveying the character's speech, characterized by dynamism and emotionality, which allows you to avoid the usual introductory sentences, verbs of speaking when transmitting someone else's speech, and expresses the meaning and manner of speech of the character (Oh no, nothing happened!).
Improperly direct speech in journalism performs mainly a formal function. Publicism takes only its external form, leaving content and diverse functions to fiction. Improperly direct speech in journalism diversifies the forms of transmission of someone else's statement, allows you to unobtrusively, indirectly convey the meaning of the hero's speech, its most characteristic features. This is one of the resources for enriching the speech palette of journalism.
What is indirect speech?
Read the end of Part I of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" from the words "Raskolnikov stood and clutched an ax ...". Find different forms of someone else's speech, explain their role in the text.