In what year was the story written " Captain's daughter"?

The story "The Captain's Daughter" was written in 1833-1836.

"Kapita" nskaya do "chka" is a novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, which has become a classic of Russian literature, dedicated to the events of the Peasant War of 1773-1775 under the leadership of Yemelyan Pugachev. It was first published in 1836 in the Sovremennik magazine without the author's signature. The chapter on the peasant revolt in the village of Grineva remained unpublished due to censorship considerations.
The narration is conducted on behalf of the officer Pyotr Andreevich Grinev - a young officer, descended from a noble military family, serving in Belogorsk fortress.
The plot of the story intersects with Walter Scott's 1814 novel Waverly, or Sixty Years Ago, dedicated to the Scottish national uprising against English rule in 1745.
In terms of artistic style, the work should be classified as realism.

Pushkin's interest in the history of Russia always manifested itself very clearly, most of all the poet was attracted by the theme of popular uprisings, which were headed by Emelyan Pugachev and Stenka Razin. The poet's reworking of folk songs about Stepan Razin resulted in his lyric songs about this folk hero. The poet devoted a lot of time to collecting and processing information concerning the personality of Pugachev. Such interest was due to the fact that at the same time a wave of peasant uprisings passed through Russia. Pugachev's personality was ambiguous, collecting and analyzing historical facts about him, Pushkin tried to figure out what this "villain" and "rebel" was after all. The result of painstaking and many years of work on the "History of Pugachev" was Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", in which the author vividly depicted the events of the "Pugachev region". On our site, you can read the story "The Captain's Daughter" in full, without abbreviations, and prepare for the analysis of this work.

A painstaking study of historical materials helped Pushkin reliably recreate the pictures of a bloody war and a peasant revolt, terrible in its ruthlessness ("God forbid, see a Russian revolt, senseless and merciless!"). The main character of the story "The Captain's Daughter" is Pyotr Grinev, a young man who is sent to serve in the Belogorsk fortress. On the way, he meets Yemelyan Pugachev, not knowing that in front of him is the very robber, about whom there are so many rumors, in gratitude for his help during the storm, Grinev gives him a hare sheepskin coat. Peter, having arrived at the fortress, falls in love with Masha, the commandant's daughter, she reciprocates, but Grinev's parents refuse to accept their son's choice. As a result of a duel with Shvabrin, Peter is wounded. At this time, the flames of riot flare up. Pugachev with his army captures the fortress, and executes the nobles who refused to swear allegiance to him. A colleague of Peter, Shvabrin, goes over to the side of the rebels. The victims of the invaders are Masha's parents. Grinev is saved from execution by Pugachev himself, who recognizes in him the one who presented him with a sheepskin coat. He is released, since he honestly explains to Pugachev that he cannot break the oath and go over to his side. He goes to Orenburg and fights on the side of the government. Later he has to return to the fortress to save Masha from the claims of Shvabrin, he succeeds with the help of Pugachev. A former colleague informs the government troops about Grinev, he is arrested. But thanks to Masha, who goes to the Empress herself for pardon, the imprisonment did not last long. Young people return to the Grinevs' estate and play a wedding.

After reading the novel by Alexander Pushkin, the reader is fascinated by the image of the villain Pugachev, who sometimes looks fair, wise and sincere on the pages of the story. This bloody time in the history of Russia is described in great detail by the writer, there is a terrible hopelessness from the futility of this terrible revolt. Even the most noble goals do not justify such a robbery, as a result of which many innocent people suffered. "The Captain's Daughter", according to most programs in literature, is included in the list of works that are studied in grade 8. The result of work with the story should be the implementation creative work on the development of speech. For a superficial acquaintance with the work, it is enough to read the summary. But to appreciate the book, you must read it in full. On our website you can download and read all the chapters of the story. And also there is an opportunity to read the text of the work of A.S. Pushkin online, this does not require registration and payment.

Orenburg fights against Pugachev, but one day he receives a letter from Masha, who remained in the Belogorsk fortress due to illness. From the letter he learns that Shvabrin wants to marry her by force. Grinev leaves the service without permission, arrives at the Belogorsk fortress and, with the help of Pugachev, saves Masha. Later, according to Shvabrin's denunciation, he was arrested by government troops. While Grinev is in prison, Masha goes to Tsarskoe Selo to see Catherine II and begs for forgiveness to the groom, saying that he was slandered. Grinev is released and he goes to his parents' house. Later, the young are married.

Work on the book

"The Captain's Daughter" belongs to the collection of works with which Russian writers of the 1830s responded to the success of Walter Scott's translated novels. Pushkin planned to write a historical novel back in the 1820s (see Peter the Great's Arap). The first of the historical novels on a Russian theme was Yuri Miloslavsky by MN Zagoskin (1829). Grinev's meeting with the counselor, according to Pushkin scholars, goes back to a similar scene in Zagoskin's novel.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba story about the Pugachev era matured during the work of Pushkin on the historical chronicle - "The History of the Pugachev rebellion". In search of materials for his work, Pushkin traveled to the South Urals, where he talked with eyewitnesses to the terrible events of the 1770s. According to P.V. Annenkov, “the condensed and only outwardly dry exposition adopted by him in“ History ”seemed to be supplemented in his exemplary novel, which has the warmth and charm of historical notes”, in the novel, “which represented the other side - the side of the mores and customs of the era. "

The Captain's Daughter was written between times, among the works on the Pugachevism, but there is more history in it than in The History of the Pugachev Revolt, which seems like a long explanatory note to the novel.

In the summer of 1832, Pushkin intended to make the hero of the novel the officer who went over to Pugachev's side, Mikhail Shvanvich (1749-1802), uniting him with his father, who was expelled from the life campaign after he cut Alexey Orlov's cheek with a broadsword in a tavern quarrel. Probably, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work about a nobleman who fell into robbers due to personal insult was eventually embodied in the novel "Dubrovsky", the action of which was transferred to modern era.

Later, Pushkin gave the narrative the form of a memoir, and made the nobleman, who remained faithful to his duty, despite the temptation to go over to the side of the rebels, as the narrator and protagonist. The historical figure of Shvanvich thus split into the images of Grinev and his antagonist - the "frankly conventional" villain Shvabrin.

The scene of Masha's meeting with the empress in Tsarskoe Selo was apparently prompted by a historical anecdote about the mercy of Joseph II to the “daughter of a captain”. The non-standard, "home" image of Catherine, drawn in the story, is based on an engraving by N. Utkin from the famous portrait of Borovikovsky (executed, however, much later than the events depicted in the story).

Walterscott motives

Many of the plot points of The Captain's Daughter have something in common with the novels of Walter Scott, which was pointed out, in particular, by N. Chernyshevsky. In Savelich, Belinsky also saw the “Russian Caleb”. The comic episode with the account of Savelich Pugachev has an analogue in The Adventures of Nigel (1822). In the Tsarskoye Selo scene, "the daughter of Captain Mironov is put in the same position as the heroine of the Edinburgh Dungeon" (1818), - AD Galakhov pointed out at one time.

An expanded system of epigraphs from "old songs" and the design of the narrative with an afterword from a fictitious publisher also go back to Scott's novels.

Publication and first reviews

"The Captain's Daughter" was published a month before the death of the author in the magazine "Sovremennik" he published under the guise of the notes of the late Pyotr Grinev. From this and subsequent editions of the novel, for censorship reasons, a chapter on the riot of the peasants in the village of Grineva was released, which has been preserved in a draft manuscript. Until 1838 there were no printed reviews of the story, but Gogol in January 1837 noted that it "had a general effect." A.I. Turgenev wrote on January 9, 1837 to K. Ya.Bulgakov:

The traditional Walterscott motifs were successfully transferred by Pushkin to Russian soil: “In size, no more than one-fifth of the average novel by Walter Scott. The manner of the story is concise, precise, economical, although more spacious and unhurried than in Pushkin's stories, ”notes D. Mirsky. In his opinion, "The Captain's Daughter" more than other works by Pushkin influenced the formation of realism in Russian literature - it is "realism, economical in means, restrainedly humorous, devoid of any pressure."

Discussing the stylistics of the story, N. Grech wrote in 1840 that Pushkin "with amazing skill was able to grasp and express the character and tone of the middle of the 18th century." Do not subscribe Pushkin to the story - “and indeed one might think that it was in fact written by some old man who was an eyewitness and hero of the events described, the story was so naive and artless,” F. Dostoevsky agreed with him. An enthusiastic review was left about the novel by N.V. Gogol:

Foreign critics are far from being as unanimous in their enthusiasm for The Captain's Daughter as the Russians. In particular, the stern review of the work is attributed to Irish writer James Joyce:

Characters

• Pyotr Andreevich Grinev , A 17-year-old ignoramus, from childhood recorded in the Semyonovsky Guards regiment, during the events described in the story - a warrant officer. It is he who leads the story for his descendants during the reign of Alexander I, sprinkling the story with old-fashioned maxims. The draft version contained an indication that Grinev died in 1817. According to Belinsky, this is "an insignificant, insensitive character" that the author needs as a relatively impartial witness to Pugachev's actions.
• Colorful figure Emelyana Pugacheva, in which M. Tsvetaeva saw the "only character" of the story, somewhat overshadows the colorless Grinev. PI Tchaikovsky for a long time nurtured the idea of \u200b\u200ban opera based on "The Captain's Daughter", but abandoned it because of fears that the censorship "would find it difficult to miss such a stage performance, from which the viewer leaves completely enchanted by Pugachev," for he was taken from Pushkin "in entity is an amazingly handsome villain. "
• Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin, the antagonist of Grinev, is "a young officer of short stature with a dark complexion and superbly ugly" and hair that is "pitch black." By the time Grinev appeared in the fortress, he had been transferred from the guard for a duel for five years already. He is known as a freethinker, knows French, understands literature, but at the decisive moment changes his oath and goes over to the side of the rebels. In essence, a purely romantic scoundrel (according to Mirsky's remarks, this is generally "Pushkin's only scoundrel").
• Marya Ivanovna Mironova, "A girl of about eighteen years old, chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair, combed smoothly behind her ears," the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, who gave the name to the whole story. “I was dressing simply and cute.” To save his beloved, he goes to the capital and throws himself at the feet of the queen. According to Prince Vyazemsky, the image of Masha falls on the story with a "gratifying and bright shade" - as a kind of variation on the theme of Tatyana Larina. At the same time, Tchaikovsky complains: "Maria Ivanovna is not interesting and characteristic enough, for she is an impeccably kind and honest girl and nothing else." “An empty place for any first love,” Marina Tsvetaeva echoes.
• Arkhip Savelich, by the Grinevs' stirrup, from the age of five assigned to Peter as an uncle. He treats a 17-year-old officer as if he were a minor, remembering the order to "look after the child." "Faithful slave", but devoid of moral servitude - directly expressing uncomfortable thoughts in the face of both the master and Pugachev. The image of the selfless servant is usually referred to as the most successful in the story. In his naive worries about a hare's sheepskin coat, traces of the type of comic servant, characteristic of the literature of classicism, are noticeable.
• Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, a cheerful old man of tall stature. Coming from soldier's children, he did not receive any education. For forty years of service, he acquired a reputation as a good officer. At home, he wears a cap and a Chinese robe. In almost everything he obeys the will of an intelligent and discerning wife. According to Tsvetaeva, "the type is almost comic, if he had not had to die with honor before our eyes." Y. Aykhenwald notes the spiritual kinship of Captain Mironov with Staff Captain Maxim Maksimych at Lermontov and Captain Tushin at Tolstoy: he "best of all embodies this modest greatness, this supreme heroism of simplicity", which in Pushkin grows "from everyday life, from modest and ineffective material ".
• Vasilisa Egorovna Mironova, the wife of the commandant, "an old woman in a padded jacket and with a scarf on her head", the owner of the only serf girl Palashka. Has a reputation as a "brave lady". "She looked at the affairs of the service as if it were her own, and managed the fortress as precisely as she did her house." She preferred to die next to her husband, leaving for a safe provincial town. According to Vyazemsky, this image of marital fidelity "was successfully and correctly captured by the master's brush."

Adaptations

	Captain's daughter in Wikiquote
	in Wikisource

The story has been filmed many times, including abroad:

• 1928 - Guard Sergeant ("The Captain's Daughter"), dir. Yuri Tarich (USSR)
• 1934 - Volga on fire (fr.)russian, dir. Vyacheslav Turzhansky (France)
• 1947 - The Captain's Daughter, dir. Mario Camerini (Italy)
• 1958 - The Storm (ital.)russian, dir. Alberto Lattuada
• 1958 - The Captain's Daughter, a film by Vladimir Kaplunovsky (USSR)
• 1976 - The Captain's Daughter, TV show by Pavel Reznikov (USSR)
• 2000 - Russian revolt, dir. Alexander Proshkin
• 2005 - The Captain's Daughter, an animated film by Ekaterina Mikhailova
• Stage version at the Theater for Children and Youth "Free Space" (Orel). Directed by Alexander Mikhailov. Honored Artist of Russia Valery Lagosha as Pugachev.

Operas based on The Captain's Daughter were composed by Caesar Cui (1909), Sigismund Katz (1941), Dmitry Tolstoy (1976) and Mikhail Kollontai (1995-1998). In 2003, the premiere of the ballet The Captain's Daughter took place, the music for which was written by Tikhon Khrennikov.

The escaping and leaving residents and retreating troops looked at the glow of the first fire that started on September 2 from different roads with different feelings.
The Rostovs' train that night stood in Mytishchi, twenty miles from Moscow. On the 1st of September they left so late, the road was so cluttered with carts and troops, so many things were forgotten, for which people were sent, that on that night it was decided to spend the night five miles outside Moscow. The next morning we set off late, and again there were so many stops that we only reached Bolshiye Mytishchi. At ten o'clock the Rostovs and the wounded who were traveling with them all settled in the courtyards and huts of a large village. The men, the Rostovs' coachman and the orderlies of the wounded, took away the gentlemen, had supper, gave the horses feed, and went out onto the porch.
In the neighboring hut lay the wounded adjutant of Raevsky, with a broken wrist, and the terrible pain that he felt made him piteously, without ceasing, moan, and these groans sounded terrible in the autumn darkness of the night. On the first night, this adjutant spent the night in the same yard in which the Rostovs were stationed. The countess said that she could not close her eyes from this groan, and in Mytishchi moved to the worst hut just to be away from this wounded man.
One of the people in the darkness of the night, from behind the high body of a carriage standing at the entrance, noticed another small glow of a fire. One glow had been visible for a long time, and everyone knew that it was Malye Mytishchi, lit by the Mamonov Cossacks, on fire.
“But this, brothers, is another fire,” said the orderly.
Everyone noticed the glow.
- Why, they said, Malye Mytischi lit Mamonov's Cossacks.
- They! No, this is not Mytishchi, it is far away.
- Look, as if in Moscow.
Two of the people got off the porch, went behind the carriage and sat down on the step.
- It's to the left! Why, Mytischi is over there, but this is completely in the other direction.
Several people joined the first.
“You see, it's on fire,” said one, “this, gentlemen, is a fire in Moscow: either in Suschevskaya or in Rogozhskaya.
Nobody responded to this remark. And for a long time all these people silently looked at the distant flames of a new fire.
The old man, the count's valet (as he was called), Danilo Terentich went up to the crowd and shouted to Mishka.
- What have you not seen, slut ... The Count will ask, but there is no one; go collect the dress.
- Yes, I only ran for water, - said Mishka.
- And what do you think, Danilo Terentich, is it like a glow in Moscow? Said one of the footmen.
Danilo Terentich did not answer, and for a long time again everyone was silent. The glow spread and swayed further and further.
“God have mercy! .. wind and dry…” the voice said again.
- Look how it goes. Oh my God! you can see the jackdaws. Lord, have mercy on us sinners!
- I suppose they will put it out.
- Who should put out that? - I heard the voice of Danila Terentich, who had been silent until now. His voice was calm and slow. - Moscow is, brothers, - he said, - she is a squirrel mother ... - His voice broke off, and he suddenly sobbed old. And as if everyone was just waiting for this in order to understand the meaning that this visible glow had for them. There were sighs, words of prayer, and the sob of the old count's valet.

The valet, returning, reported to the count that Moscow was on fire. The count put on his robe and went out to look. Sonia, who had not yet undressed, and madame Schoss went out with him. Natasha and the Countess were left alone in the room. (Petit was no longer with his family; he went ahead with his regiment, marching towards Trinity.)
The Countess burst into tears when she heard the news of the Moscow fire. Natasha, pale, with fixed eyes, who was sitting under the icons on the bench (at the very place where she had sat down when she arrived), did not pay any attention to her father's words. She listened to the incessant groan of the adjutant, heard from three houses.
- Oh, what a horror! - Said Sonya returning from the yard, cold and frightened. - I think all of Moscow will burn, a terrible glow! Natasha, look now, you can see from the window from here, ”she said to her sister, apparently wanting to entertain her with something. But Natasha looked at her, as if not understanding what was being asked of her, and again fixed her eyes at the corner of the stove. Natasha had been in this state of tetanus since this morning, since the very time when Sonya, to the countess's surprise and annoyance, for some unknown reason, found it necessary to announce to Natasha about Prince Andrei's wound and about his presence with them on the train. The Countess was angry with Sonya, as she rarely was. Sonya cried and asked for forgiveness, and now, as if trying to make amends for her guilt, she did not stop caring for her sister.
“Look, Natasha, how terribly it burns,” said Sonya.
- What's on fire? Natasha asked. - Oh, yes, Moscow.
And as if in order not to offend Sonya with a refusal and to get rid of her, she moved her head to the window, looked so that, obviously, she could not see anything, and again sat down in her previous position.
- Have you seen?
“No, really, I saw,” she said in a pleading voice for peace.
It was clear to both the Countess and Sonya that Moscow, the fire of Moscow, whatever, of course, could not matter to Natasha.
The count again went behind the partition and lay down. The countess went up to Natasha, touched her head with an inverted hand, as she did when her daughter was sick, then touched her forehead with her lips, as if to find out if there was a fever, and kissed her.
- You are cold. You're trembling all over. You should go to bed, ”she said.
- Go to bed? Yes, okay, I'll go to bed. I'll go to bed now, ”said Natasha.
Since Natasha had been told this morning that Prince Andrey had been seriously wounded and was going with them, she only asked a lot in the first minute about where? as? is he dangerously injured? and can she see him? But after she was told that she could not see him, that he was seriously wounded, but that his life was not in danger, she obviously did not believe what she was told, but after making sure that no matter how much she said, she would be answer the same thing, stopped asking and talking. All the way with her big eyes, which the Countess knew so well and of which expression was so afraid, Natasha sat motionless in the corner of the carriage and was now sitting in the same way on the bench on which she sat. Something she was planning, something she was deciding, or had already decided in her mind now — the countess knew that, but what it was, she did not know, and that frightened and tormented her.
- Natasha, undress, my dear, lie down on my bed. (Only one countess had a bed on the bed; m me Schoss and both young ladies were to sleep on the floor in the hay.)
“No, Mom, I'll lie here on the floor,” Natasha said angrily, went to the window and opened it. The moan of the adjutant from the open window was heard more clearly. She stuck her head out into the damp air of the night, and the Countess saw her slender shoulders shaking with sobs and hitting the frame. Natasha knew that it was not Prince Andrew who was moaning. She knew that Prince Andrew was lying in the same connection where they were, in another hut through the passage; but this terrible incessant groan made her sob. The Countess exchanged glances with Sonya.
“Lie down, my dear, lie down, my friend,” said the countess, lightly touching Natasha's shoulder with her hand. - Well, lie down.
"Oh, yes ... I'll go to bed now, now," said Natasha, hastily undressing and breaking off the ties of her skirts. Throwing off her dress and putting on a jacket, she twisted her legs, sat down on the bed prepared on the floor and, throwing her short thin braid over her shoulder in front, began to intertwine it. Thin long familiar fingers quickly, deftly disassembled, weaved, tied a braid. Natasha's head, with a habitual gesture, turned in one direction or the other, but her eyes, feverishly open, stared straight ahead. When the night suit was finished, Natasha quietly sank down onto a sheet laid on hay at the edge of the door.
- Natasha, you lie in the middle, - said Sonya.
“No, I'm here,” Natasha said. “Go to bed,” she added in annoyance. And she buried her face in the pillow.
The Countess, m me Schoss and Sonya hastily undressed and lay down. One lamp remained in the room. But in the courtyard it was brightening from the fire of Malye Mytishchi two miles away, and the drunken cries of the people in the tavern, which the Mamonov Cossacks had smashed, boomed, on the crossing, in the street, and the incessant groan of the adjutant was heard.
For a long time Natasha listened to the internal and external sounds that reached her, and did not move. At first she heard the prayer and sighs of her mother, the crackling of her bed under her, the familiar snoring of m me Schoss, the quiet breathing of Sonya. Then the countess called out to Natasha. Natasha did not answer her.
“It seems she's asleep, Mom,” Sonya answered quietly. The Countess, after a short silence, called out again, but no one answered her.
Soon after that Natasha heard her mother's even breathing. Natasha did not move, in spite of the fact that her little bare foot, knocked out from under the covers, was chilly on the bare floor.
As if celebrating the victory over everyone, a cricket screamed in the crack. A rooster crowed far away, loved ones responded. The shouts died down in the tavern, only the same aide-de-camp was heard. Natasha got up.
- Sonya? do you sleep? Mama? She whispered. No one answered. Natasha slowly and carefully got up, crossed herself and stepped carefully with her narrow and flexible bare feet on the dirty cold floor. The floorboard creaked. She, quickly moving her legs, ran like a kitten a few steps and took hold of the cold bracket of the door.
It seemed to her that something heavy, striking evenly, knocking on all the walls of the hut: it was her heart that was breaking with fear, with horror and love, beating.
She opened the door, stepped over the threshold and stepped onto the damp, cold ground of the entryway. The embracing cold refreshed her. She felt with her bare foot the sleeping man, stepped over him and opened the door to the hut where Prince Andrew lay. It was dark in this hut. In the back corner by the bed, on which something was lying, on a bench stood a tallow candle burned by a large mushroom.
In the morning Natasha, when she was told about the wound and the presence of Prince Andrey, decided that she should see him. She did not know what it was for, but she knew that the meeting would be painful, and even more so she was convinced that it was necessary.
All day she lived only in the hope that at night she would see him. But now that that moment had come, the horror of what she would see came over her. How was he disfigured? What was left of him? Was he what the incessant groan of the adjutant was? Yes, he was like that. He was in her imagination the personification of this terrible groan. When she saw an obscure mass in the corner and took his raised knees under the covers for his shoulders, she imagined some kind of terrible body and stopped in horror. But an irresistible force drew her forward. She cautiously stepped one step, then another, and found herself in the middle of a small cluttered hut. In the hut, under the icons, another person was lying on benches (it was Timokhin), and two other people were lying on the floor (they were a doctor and a valet).
The valet raised himself and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in his wounded leg, did not sleep and looked with all his eyes at the strange appearance of a girl in a bad shirt, jacket and eternal cap. The sleepy and frightened words of the valet; "What do you need, why?" - they only made Natasha come closer to what was in the corner. No matter how scary, it was not like a human this body, she had to see it. She passed the valet: the burnt mushroom of the candle fell, and she clearly saw Prince Andrey lying with his arms outstretched on the blanket, as she had always seen him.
He was the same as always; but the inflamed color of his face, the sparkling eyes directed enthusiastically at her, and especially the delicate childish neck protruding from the laid-back collar of his shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish look, which, however, she had never seen in Prince Andrew. She went up to him and with a quick, flexible, youthful movement knelt down.

Year of writing:

1836

Reading time:

Description of the work:

The work of Alexander Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", a summary of which we invite you to read, was written by the famous Russian writer in 1836. This is one of his last works.

To describe the historical events more accurately, Pushkin went to the Urals, where the Pugachev uprising took place, and talked with the Pugachevites. It is also known that Alexander Pushkin worked hard on "The Captain's Daughter", because as many as five versions of the story have survived to this day.

Read below a summary of "The Captain's Daughter".

The novel is based on the memoirs of one person who wrote them back when Emperor Alexander occupied the throne. This man is a nobleman, now he is fifty years old, and his name is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. At the time he recalls, he was seventeen years old, and due to very strange circumstances he became an involuntary participant in the events associated with the "Pugachevism". This is what the novel is dedicated to.

Grinev is somewhat ironic in his childhood memories. He was an ignorant noble. His father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, was awarded the title of retired prime-major, and he remained to live in the village, having married the daughter of an impoverished nobleman. Petrusha had many brothers and sisters, but none of them survived. Grinev writes that he did not manage to be born, but was already listed as a sergeant in the Semyonovsky regiment.

From the age of five, Petrusha was entrusted with the supervision of the aspirant Savelich, who, thanks to his sober behavior, began to be called the boy's uncle. Savelich supervised Petrusha's studies well, and he quickly learned both the Russian language with all his literacy and the wisdom of hunting. Soon Grinev got along with a new French teacher, whose name was Beaupre. This same Frenchman in his homeland was engaged in another craft - he cut his hair, and in Prussia he was military service... And although Beaupré had a contract, according to which he was supposed to teach the young student French, German and help to comprehend other sciences, the Frenchman himself studied Russian with Petrusha. It ended with the fact that Beaupre was convicted of drunkenness, dissolute behavior and failure to fulfill his teaching duties, as a result of which he was expelled.

Young years Pyotr Grinev has fun - chasing birds, playing with the neighbors' children around the yard, driving leapfrog. But at the age of sixteen, my father decided to send Petrusha to serve the Fatherland. Moreover, it was not about St. Petersburg - it's too simple, but about the army in Orenburg. Let the young man learn what gunpowder is, and "pull the strap." Of course, Grinev did not like this idea, because his dreams were about a cheerful life in the capital, and now boring days in the remote and remote Orenburg lay ahead. Let's continue with the summary of "The Captain's Daughter", because the most interesting is just beginning.

Grinev goes to Orenburg together with Savelich, however, at the entrance to the city, they are caught by the strongest storm. On the way, he meets a man who helps to get to the wagon's skill, and at that time Pyotr Andreevich sees a dream that frightened him, where now Grinev, from the age of fifty, sees some prophetic features. And then he dreamed of a black-bearded man, who, according to Petrusha's mother, was a “planted father” and Andrei Petrovich, and he was lying in his father's bed. This same man wants to give the young man a kiss on his hand and then bless him. Then he begins to swing his ax, bloody puddles appear, but to the frightened Grinev he says that there is no need to be afraid, come on, they say, I will bless you.

The kibitka gets out of the blizzard thanks to a random counselor, and Grinev wants to thank him. Moreover, the counselor is dressed lightly. Therefore, Pyotr Grinev treats him with wine and presents clothes - a hare sheepskin coat, to which he hears words of gratitude and respect in response. Grinev remembered his appearance: age - forty years or so, thin build with broad shoulders, medium height, black beard.

In Orenburg Grinev must find the Belogorsk fortress in order to serve there. But the fortress is one name. There are no formidable bastions, towers and ramparts. It is a simple village surrounded by a wooden fence. Several invalids live there, unable to distinguish the right side from the left, and all the artillery is made up of an old cannon, and then garbage is stuffed into it.

The commandant of the fortress is named Ivan Kuzmich Mironov. Although he is not educated, he is honest and kind. The commandant's wife, Vasilisa Yegorovna, took over the management of the affairs, and even manages the service independently, as if it were a household. Grinev fits well into the Mironov family, and they consider him almost like a native. The Mironovs have a daughter Masha - a prudent and sensitive girl in the eyes of Peter Grinev.

We remind you that a summary of the novel "The Captain's Daughter" is presented by the literary portal site Here you will find not only this novel, but also hundreds of other works.

Grinev is not at all burdened with service, on the contrary. He reads a lot, translates and writes poetry. In the fortress there is Lieutenant Shvabrin - the only person, in fact, who is educated in the same way as Grinev, about the same age and does the same. At first, young people get closer, but not for long. Soon there is a big quarrel. It turns out that Shvabrin made attempts to get the location of Masha Mironova, tried to woo her, but the girl refused him. Grinev did not know this, and earlier showed Shvabrin small poems with a love theme dedicated to Masha. The lieutenant, of course, reacted in a peculiar way - he criticized the poems, and even with dirty innuendos he expressed his opinion about Masha's "morals and customs". As a result, Shvabrin and Grinev met in a duel, in which Grinev was wounded.

During Masha's courtship after being wounded by Grinev, the relationship of young people grows stronger, and feelings of sympathy are mutual. They even confessed this to each other, and Grinev had already decided to ask Father's consent to the wedding, for which he wrote a letter to him. However, the father turned out to be against this marriage, because the Grinyovs have three hundred peasants, and the Mironovs are poor - there is only one girl Palashka. The prohibition of the priest is strict, and he even threatens to knock the "nonsense" out of Petrusha's head, transferring him to work in another place.

Grinev experiences this letter from father painfully, the environment around him seems dreary and unbearable, he is gloomy, and wants to be alone all the time. Suddenly, everything changes, because events take place that greatly change his life, as Grinev himself notes in his memoirs. In the summary of "The Captain's Daughter" you cannot tell everything, but we will try to convey the essence of the following events accurately.

In October 1773, the commandant received a notification that the Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev was posing as the deceased Emperor Peter III. Gathering a gang of villains, he caused unrest in the surrounding settlements, destroyed more than one fortress, so the commandant must be ready to repel Pugachev's attack if the impostor shows up.

Pugachev was already on everyone's lips, and soon they managed to grab one Bashkir, who had "outrageous sheets" with him, but he could not interrogate him, because the poor fellow had his tongue pulled out. Everyone expects that Pugachev is about to attack the Belogorsk fortress.

Eventually, the rebels are announced, but the fortress did not expect to see them so soon. Masha did not even have time to leave for Orenburg. The first attack - and the fortress in the hands of Pugachev. The prisoners must swear allegiance to the impostor, for which they are lined up on the square. Grinev was also taken prisoner. First, the commandant is hanged, who refuses to take the oath, then Vasilisa Yegorovna is also killed with a saber. It is Grinev's turn, but Pugachev leaves him alive. As it turned out later, the mercy was not for nothing - Savelich told Pyotr Andreevich that the same vagabond who met them on the way and helped them get out of the snowstorm is Pugachev, and Grinev granted him a sheepskin coat and wine.

In the evening Grinev is received by the "great sovereign" He reminds Peter of the mercy shown and asks if he is ready to serve him. However, here too Grinev refuses the robber, because his loyalty belongs to the empress. Moreover, Grinev even honestly admits that perhaps he will fight against Pugachev. The impostor is so surprised at the young officer's sincerity that he decides to let him go. Grinev goes to Orenburg to ask for help - he really wants to save Masha, who remained in the fortress. Popadya said that this was her niece, so no one touched Masha. But the most unpleasant thing is that now the commandant of the fortress is Shvabrin, who has sworn to serve the rebel.

Orenburg is soon also surrounded by Pugachev's troops, the siege began, and they refuse to help the Belogorsk fortress. Grinev accidentally reads a letter where Masha writes that Shvabrin is threatening to tell the whole truth if she does not agree to become his wife. Unsuccessfully Grinev asks the military commandant for help, he again refuses him.

Grinev and Savelich are maturing their own plan, so they themselves go to help Masha, but the rebels manage to capture them. Pugachev and Grinev, by chance, converge again, and when the impostor finds out the whole essence of the story, he himself is determined to release Masha and punish Shvabrin. While the officer and the invader are driving, they have a frank conversation. It turns out that Pugachev realizes that he is doomed and expects his comrades to betray him. He recalls a Kalmyk tale, from which it follows that it is better for an eagle to drink living blood at a time than to be an ordinary scavenger for years. Grinev and Pugachev have different views on the moral side of this issue, because, according to the officer, it is precisely those who live by robbery that peck at the carrion. Our portal site does not give an assessment, leaving it for thought to the reader, read the summary "The Captain's Daughter" to the end.

Be that as it may, Masha is released, Shvabrin tries to reveal all the cards to Pugachev, but he calmly releases Grinyov, and Pyotr Andreevich decides to send the girl, as his bride, to his parents. The young officer himself remains in the service for the time being in order to observe the "duty of honor".

The military campaign ends, but Grinev is arrested, although at the trial he is calm and confident in himself, because he has many excuses. Here Shvabrin speaks with Grinev's false accusations of espionage - allegedly Pugachev sent him to Orenburg. The court accepts these arguments and condemns Grinev, who now, disgraced, must go to Siberia.

The role of the savior is Masha, who decisively intends to ask the Tsarina for mercy, for which she goes to St. Petersburg. In Tsarskoye Selo, when Masha walks along the paths of the garden, she meets a middle-aged lady. The lady finds out what Masha is doing here and invites her to tell her about everything that the girl does. It turns out that this lady is the empress herself, she has mercy on Grinev in the same way as some time ago Pugachev showed mercy to both Masha and Grinev.

We hope you liked the summary of the novel "The Captain's Daughter", we tried to present the essence in simple words... In the section of our site Abstracts you can get acquainted with different works famous writers different countries.

We will be glad if you manage to read the whole work of "The Captain's Daughter", because the summary, of course, cannot reflect the fullness of the novel "The Captain's Daughter", to convey to the end the thin threads of the narrative that Alexander Pushkin conceived to weave into a complex tangle of events and reflections.

Why did we publish a summary of "The Captain's Daughter"?

• Someone, for example, read the novel in its entirety long ago, and now, after some time, decided to recall the main points and restore the chain of events - a summary of "The Captain's Daughter" will be a great help to you, since it does not take much time and is written in a simple accessible way language.
• In addition, often parents want to remember the essence of the novel in order to help their children at school, but it is simply not possible to read the whole work again. Again, a summary of "The Captain's Daughter" will be a good help for such parents.

Please note that we make sure that our summaries were available for free in full form without registration.

The historical novel "The Captain's Daughter" was completed by Pushkin and appeared in print in 1836. The creation of the novel was preceded by a lot of preparatory work. The first evidence of the intention of the novel dates back to 1833. In the same year, in connection with work on the novel, Pushkin had the idea to write a historical study about the Pugachev uprising. Having received permission to familiarize himself with the investigation file about Pugachev, Pushkin deeply studies archival materials, and then travels to the area where the uprising unfolded (Volga region, Orenburg region), examines the places of events, asks old people, eyewitnesses of the uprising.

As a result of this work, in 1834, The History of Pugachev appeared, and two years later - The Captain's Daughter. In a small novel, close in volume to a story, Pushkin resurrects before us one of the brightest pages of Russian history - the period of Pugachevism (1773-1774) full of violent unrest. The novel acquaints us with the dull ferment among the population of the Volga region, which foreshadowed the proximity of the uprising, and with the formidable appearance of the leader of the uprising, Pugachev, and with his first military successes. At the same time, the novel depicts the life of various strata of Russian society in the second half of the XVIIIB .: patriarchal life noble nest Grinevs, the modest life of the family of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress captain Mironov, etc.

The idea of \u200b\u200b"The Captain's Daughter" arose in Pushkin even before the start of work on The History of Pugachev, at the time when he was writing Dubrovsky. Remember the conflict underlying Dubrovsky and the main characters. In Dubrovsky, the theme of the struggle of the serf peasantry against the feudal-landlord state and its order is touched upon, but not developed. The young nobleman Dubrovsky becomes the leader of the rebellious peasants. In Chapter XIX of the novel, as we remember, Dubrovsky dissolves his "gang".

He cannot be the real leader of the peasants in their struggle against the masters; he has not been given the opportunity to fully understand the motives of the "rebellion" of the serfs against the landlords. Pushkin leaves Dubrovsky unfinished. On the material of modernity, he could not depict a genuine peasant uprising. Without finishing the "robber" novel, he turns to the grandiose liberation movement of the huge masses of the peasantry, Cossacks and small oppressed peoples of the Volga region and the Urals, which shook the very foundations of Catherine's empire. In the course of the struggle, the people brought forward from their midst a bright and distinctive figure of a real peasant leader, a figure of great historical significance. Work on the story has been going on for several years. The plan, the plot structure, the names of the characters are changing.

At first, the hero was a nobleman who went over to the side of Pugachev. Pushkin studied the true affairs of the well-born officer Shvanvich (or Shvanovich), who voluntarily went over to Pugachev, officer Basharin, taken prisoner by Pugachev. Finally, two characters were identified - officers, one way or another connected with Pugachev. Shvanovich, to a certain extent, served to convey the history of Shvabrin, and the poet's name Grinev was taken from the actual history of an officer arrested on suspicion of having connections with Pugachev, but later acquitted.

Numerous changes in the story's plan show how difficult and difficult it was for Pushkin to cover the acute political theme of the struggle between two classes, which was topical in the 30s of the 19th century. In 1836, The Captain's Daughter was completed and published in Volume IV of Sovremennik. Pushkin's long-term study of Pugachev's movement led to the creation of both a historical work ("The History of Pugachev"), and artwork ("Captain's daughter"). Pushkin was in them a scientist-historian and artist who created the first truly realistic historical novel.

"The Captain's Daughter" was first published in Sovremennik during the poet's lifetime. One chapter remained unpublished for censorship reasons, which Pushkin called "The Missed Chapter". In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin painted a vivid picture of a spontaneous peasant uprising. Recalling at the beginning of the story of the peasant unrest that preceded the Pugachev uprising, Pushkin sought to reveal the popular movement over several decades, which led to a massive peasant uprising in the years 1774-1775.

In the images of the Belogorsk Cossacks, the mutilated Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash, peasant from the Ural factories, the Volga peasants, Pushkin creates an idea of \u200b\u200bthe broad social basis of the movement. Pushkin shows that the Pugachev uprising was supported by the peoples of the south of the Urals oppressed by tsarism. The story reveals the wide scope of the movement, its popular and mass character. The people depicted in The Captain's Daughter are not an impersonal mass. Pushkin sought to show the serf peasantry, the participants in the uprising, in various manifestations of their consciousness.

If the grain from which the novel "Dubrovsky" grew was the story of Pushkin's friend Nashchokin about a Belarusian nobleman, then the creation of "The Captain's Daughter" was preceded by the great work carried out by Pushkin to study the Pugachev uprising. Pushkin studied archival materials, based on them he wrote "The History of Pugachev"; in addition, he visited places engulfed in the uprising, collected a lot of material from the population of these localities, especially from old people who personally knew Pugachev, used oral poetry folk worksassociated with the peasant war of the 70s of the XVIII century. As a result of such a huge work, the story "The Captain's Daughter" appeared, which brilliantly combines the work of a researcher - a historian and a poet.