Ephebia as an honorable military service In Athens, the Spartan eirenes corresponded to the ephebes - both of them combined study with service in the regular troops. However, this is where the commonality between them ends, and differences follow. The most obvious thing: young men entered ephebia in

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See what “Conscription” is in other dictionaries:- The obligation to personally defend one’s homeland has existed at all times and in all states, although its very fulfillment was subject to various fluctuations and distortions. At first right personally speaking in defense of the fatherland was the privilege of only full (free) citizens; subsequently it turned to duty all citizens; then the privileged classes of society began to be freed from this obligation, and finally, in the last years of the 19th century, universal conscription, obligatory for everyone and not allowing any privileges. In the states of ancient Greece, only free citizens had the right to bear arms; slaves armed themselves only in moments of extreme danger. IN ancient Rome the right to bear arms was a privilege of free citizens of the first 5 classes; but then, as the belligerence of the Romans decreased, the upper classes began to shirk military service, and the army began to be replenished with mercenaries. Among the ancient Germanic peoples, a noble youth had to learn to wield weapons from an early age, and only after learning this art and receiving weapons at a solemn meeting of the people, he became a full citizen; participation in offensive campaigns was obligatory for him if they were decided at a general people's meeting, but for the defense of the fatherland (Landwehre) he was always obliged to take up arms. Here we can already see not only the right to serve in the army, but also the duty of military service, the latter being different in an offensive war and in a defensive one. The right to decide on the conduct of offensive wars, which formerly belonged to the assembly of all free citizens, gradually passed to the powerful vassals of the crown; they did not always appear when the king called, so, although V. duty ( Heerbann) in Germany was not abolished, but in fact the king could not force all his subjects to obey it. A similar order of things prevailed in the Middle Ages and in France. The armies of the time were composed almost exclusively of mounted knights; Only the nobility performed service, while the rest of the population was called upon to serve military service mainly in moments of danger, for defense countries. The exception was the English army, which during the 100 Years' War included numerous and skilled foot archers. The idea of ​​calling the entire people to perform military duties belonged to Charles V of France, but all attempts to implement it, made by him and his successors, turned out to be more or less unsuccessful. In acquisition the main role began to play recruitment(cm.); natural V. duty was replaced by money; The nobility finally began to evade military service, and recruitment began in the middle of the 17th century. almost always carried out by force. This order of things, hated by the people, continued until the first french revolution. In the city, the French National Assembly decided that the army should be staffed exclusively by hunters; but the very next year they turned out to be insufficient, and then it was announced requisition all citizens 18-25 years old, that is, it has actually been introduced universal V. conscription, which in the city was finally legalized by the introduction conscriptions. According to the new law, citizens aged 20-25 were subject to military service, and those younger in age were called up for service (without drawing lots); but already the next year some withdrawals were allowed, and from this year substitution was allowed; At the same time, during the conscription, the lot was introduced. Universal conscription provided the means to field armies of unprecedented size: within eight years (1792-1800) France provided 1,703,300 recruits, and during Napoleon’s 15-year reign - 2,674,000 (not counting foreigners who served in Napoleonic armies). With the restoration of the Bourbons (), the conscription was abolished; The army was replenished with hunters, but in the city, due to a shortage of hunters, conscription by lot was allowed again, and, however, substitution was allowed. The various changes that followed in the method of recruiting the army had an unfavorable effect on the composition of the troops, and only after the defeats of 1870-71. reintroduced in France universal And personal B. duty that does not allow for redemption or substitution; but the wealthy classes were given a benefit in the form of the right to serve only 1 year as volunteers (see this word) subject to passing an exam and a one-time contribution of 1 1/3 thousand francs. According to the new law of July 15, military service is mandatory for all French. All citizens fit for service (except those subjected to ignominious punishments or deprived of civil honor) belong to the armed forces from 20 to 45 years of age. There are no substitutions, and exemptions are allowed only in the form of temporary or conditional layoffs. Duration of service: 3 years in the active army, 7 years in its reserve, 6 years in the territorial army and 9 years in its reserve. The duration of service periods established by law cannot be reduced except due to illness or, in cases provided for by law, after those dismissed have previously served a full year under the banner. Before serving this period, lower ranks cannot be placed on leave. The new French military law, establishing the universality of military service, allows only a strictly limited number of exceptions ( exemptions), exemptions ( dispenses) and delays to protect both family and public interests. Regardless of the staffing of the army, the troops are replenished with annual conscription and lower ranks who are volunteering and serving for a long period of time. Volunteers who meet the conditions established by law are accepted for a 3-, 4- and 5-year term. IN war time the law allows, in addition, the admission of volunteers during the war. In long-term service (rengagés) in the active troops for a period of 2 to 5 years (and in the cavalry - for 1 year), lower ranks of good behavior are allowed to remain with the consent of the unit commanders, not older than 29 years, and non-commissioned officers. officers - no older than 35 years. IN medieval Germany V. conscription was universal at first, but then 1 householder out of 10 began to demand it, and the other 9 helped him equip himself; the people's calls for service intensified as the nobility (with the decline of knighthood) began to shy away from military service. From to 1 householder out of 5 was taken into service. But this V. service of the people applied only to service in the militia, convened from time to time to defend the homeland; recruitment of the army itself was carried out through recruitment, which was far from voluntary; for example, in Austria in the city it was prescribed at night with the help of soldiers to catch people fit for service. A peasant up to 40 and even 50 years of age ran the daily risk of being captured and sent to military service for life. Subsequently, various measures were taken in Austria to streamline military conscription, but recruitment continued to be the main method for recruiting the army. From Mr. V. conscription was extended to the nobles, and, however, substitution was allowed, so that V. conscription, although it became general, was not yet personal; It became personal only after the defeats suffered by the Austrians in the war. In Brandenburg in the 17th century, troops were first recruited for service by calling up a certain part of householders, but then, due to the failure of this method, by recruitment, usually by force. As a result of the displeasure it caused, and to relieve the local population, the recruitment of foreigners was introduced in Prussia; Of the Prussian subjects, only people of bad behavior were forcibly taken into the troops. To streamline recruitment in the country, a cantonal system Moreover, each regiment is given its own recruiting district (canton). Along with this, the recruitment of foreigners has also been preserved. Under Frederick the Great, the number of the latter, due to frequent wars, greatly decreased, so that by the end of the Seven Years' War the army consisted mainly of the so-called cantonists, that is, Prussian subjects. Then, during the period of peace, the number of foreigners increased again: in the army moved against France, out of 122 thousand there were only 60 thousand Prussians. Both at this time and earlier, although military conscription in Prussia approached universal, it was not generally obligatory: nobles, sons of officers, officials, rich people, etc. were exempt from it, so that military conscription lay only on the black people . This order changed only after the unfortunate war for Prussia. The law of the city stopped the recruitment of foreigners, and the army became purely national. In the city, to assist the army in expelling the enemy from the borders of the fatherland, it was formed Landwehr, had the character of a people's militia. For the duration of the upcoming war, all class exemptions from military service were abolished. With general enthusiasm, the nobility was ready to join the army, to refuse for a while this war from their privileges and serve in the Landwehr, formed to expel the enemy. But the Landwehr () crossed the border to pursue the enemy and actually became part of the army, and the compulsory military service became so popular in the country that it was finally established by the law of the year for service not only in the Landwehr, but also in the active army. Since then universal And personal Military conscription served as the basis for recruiting the Prussian army, and after the emergence of the North German Confederation and the German Empire, this law was extended to other German states. IN Italy general and personal conscription was introduced in the city. Great Britain thanks to his geographical location and a strong fleet is protected from external attacks, and therefore does not need the same development of armed forces as the continental powers; As a result, the method of recruiting its army is different from that of other great powers. IN modern times there no one is obliged to serve in the army: it is replenished by recruiting hunters. The militia was first supplied by landowners, but then also began to be replenished through recruitment. According to the law of the city, all citizens can be called up by lot to serve in the police; but in fact, it is still staffed by recruitment, and V. conscription actually does not exist.

IN Russia Before Peter the Great, the army was replenished mainly by persons allocated land under the condition of lifelong and universal service for themselves and their descendants (nobles, boyar children). Sagittarius, city ​​Cossacks And gunners they were recruited from free, willing people who were not subject to taxation, and for this they received land, grain and cash salaries, and benefits in trade and crafts. In wartime, horseback and foot soldiers also gathered date people, exhibited either from a certain plot of land, or from a certain number of yards. Soldier's And Reitarskie the shelves were replenished first with willing people, and later with the transfer of children of boyars, datochny people, and so on. Thus, only nobles and boyar children without exception were obliged to V. for service; From other classes, willing people entered the troops, and as needed, datkas were required. Peter I, having abolished the Streltsy regiments (), based the recruitment of the army on the compulsory service of nobles and on the collection of datochny people, called from the city. recruits. The nature of military service has completely changed: before, almost the entire army was settled and gathered only in wartime and for short periods of time.

Universal conscription in Russia in 1913.

Universal conscription, or as it was then called "conscription" as a method of recruiting the country's Armed Forces was introduced in the Russian Empire by the Manifesto of Emperor Alexander II of January 1, 1874, replacing the army recruitment method that had existed since the time of Emperor Peter I.

At the same time, the Charter on Military Service was introduced, which was repeatedly improved, changed and supplemented.

The last major changes were made to it by the Law of June 23, 1912, and further clarifications were made in December 1912 and April 1, 1913.

Thus, during the period under review, the Charter on Military Service was in force as part of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire (Volume IV Book I of the 1897 edition) with additions as of April 1, 1913.

The Charter is a very voluminous document, in which there are only main articles 504 and 1504 additional ones. In addition, seven Appendices are attached to the Charter. It can be said that in addition to the provisions that are common to all, the Charter examines in detail literally each specific case. In order to present more or less accurately and in detail all the provisions of the Charter, it would be necessary to write a whole voluminous book.

Therefore, I considered it appropriate to consider the Charter as a whole, without delving into all the subtleties. If the reader finds something in the article that does not coincide with the fate of his ancestors, then let him not be surprised or indignant. This means that your ancestor was subject to additional articles or even clarifications to additional articles. If it is important for one or another reader to understand the issue in detail, then we can try to do this together or I can send a copy of this Charter.

First of all, military service was universal, i.e. In general, all male subjects of the Russian Empire of all classes were obliged to serve in the army. Nationals of other states could not serve in the army.

But there were usually more young people of military age in the country than the army required.

Therefore, completely certain categories of citizens were exempted from service (below in the text, as a more familiar word for us, we will use the word “citizens” instead of the more correct “subjects of the Russian Empire”). A number of categories were granted deferments from conscription or complete exemption from military service. And from among the citizens who did not have the right to deferment or exemption from military service, only those who were drawn by lot (or “lot” as it is written in the Charter) went to serve. Those. Not all. In order to make all the provisions stated below more clear, let us clarify some points.
Armed forces of the Russian Empire
consist of:

*Standing troops.

*State militia.
Actually, the Standing Forces are the Armed Forces of the country, since the State Militia is convened only during war and plays a purely auxiliary role.
Standing troops are divided into:

*Ground troops.
*Naval forces.
Ground forces, in turn, are divided into
1.Army.
2.Army reserve (divided into two categories).

3. Cossack troops. 4. Foreign troops.

Note.
The Charter does not provide for a division into the Guard and the Army itself, since issues of conscription, terms of service, etc.
are the same for both army and guardsmen.

Below in the text we will use the more familiar terms “Army” and “Navy”, but students of documents of that time should know the terms used at that time.

Let us immediately make a reservation that below in the text we will talk about the procedure for recruiting the Army and Navy, about citizens of all classes, with the exception of the Cossack class, which served in the Cossack troops. These troops were recruited according to other rules, which are not discussed in this article. Cossacks will be discussed in a separate article.

Also, foreign troops, which were recruited and staffed generally according to special rules, are not considered here.

The state militia is divided into two categories.

Military service in the Russian Empire was divided into:

*Active military service,
*Military service in reserve
- first class reserve,
- reserve of the second category.

Duration of military service

In peacetime:

1. The total service life in the infantry and artillery (except for horse artillery) is 18 years, of which 3 years are active military service and 15 years are in the reserve (of which 7 years are in the first category reserve, the rest of the time in the second category reserve).

2. The total service life in all other branches of the military is 17 years, of which 4 years are active service and 13 years are in the reserve (of which 7 years are in the first category reserve, the rest of the time in the second category reserve).

3. 10 years in the navy, of which 5 years are active service and 5 years are reserve service.

4. Persons who have graduated from educational institutions of the first and second category in all branches of the military serve 18 years, of which 3 years are active service and 15 years in the reserve (of which 7 years are in the reserve of the first category, the rest of the time in the reserve of the second category).

5. Persons who have the degree of doctor of medicine, physician, master of veterinary sciences, pharmacist, pharmacist and thus have the right to occupy high-level positions in the military or naval departments (i.e. military officials) - 18 years old. Of these, in active military service with a lower rank, 4 months, in active military service with a high rank (military official) 1 year 8 months. Then there are 16 years in reserve (of which 7 years are in the reserve of the first category, the rest of the time in the reserve of the second category).

6. Graduates of paramedic schools of the military or naval department - 18 years old. Of these, in active military service as military paramedics, 1.5 years for each year of training, with the remaining time in reserve until the end of the total period of 18 years.

7. Graduates of a pyrotechnic or technical school of the artillery department - 4 years of active service as specialists in the artillery technical service. In reserve until the age of 38 (of which 7 years are in the reserve of the first category, the rest of the time in the reserve of the second category).

8. Persons who graduated from the school of cabin boys in Kronstadt - 10 years, of which 4 years are active service as a lower rank in the navy and 4 years in the naval reserve.

But in all cases, the age limit for the condition in reserve is 38 years. After this, the reserve is transferred to the State Militia.

3. Cossack troops. First-class educational institutions include:
* All institutes.
*Art schools.
*Pyrotechnic and technical school of the artillery department.
*Land surveying schools.

Second-class educational institutions include:
*Higher primary schools.
*Vocational schools with two-year primary school programs.

5. Persons who have graduated from educational institutions of the first category and thus have the right to an officer rank, subject to passing the exam for ensign or second lieutenant, serve 18 years, of which 2 years are active service, and 16 years of service in the reserve (of which 7 years are in the reserve first category, the rest of the time in reserve of the second category).

In wartime, the duration of active service is not regulated. In general, in relation to peacetime rules, but not before the end of the war. However, if military conditions make it possible to reduce the size of the army, then they are transferred from active service to the reserve one by one by age, starting with the oldest.

In peacetime, when the Armed Forces are overstretched, the Military and Naval Ministries have the right to dismiss part of the lower ranks (soldiers and non-commissioned officers) to the reserve from active service and before the end of their active service, accordingly increasing their service life in the reserve.
Or provide lower ranks with long vacations for up to 1 year.

Conversely, if the number of troops is insufficient, the Military and Naval Ministries have the right to detain lower ranks in active service beyond the established period, but for no more than 6 months.
The date of commencement of active military service is considered to be: 1.For those arriving at collection point
October 1 to December 31 from February 15 of the following year.

Those in the reserves can be re-called to active service due to the current insufficient number of troops.

At the same time, the period of such repeated service is not regulated, but according to the general meaning of the Charter it follows that repeated service continues until the situation with the number of troops is corrected. In addition, reserve personnel can be called up twice during their service in the reserve for training camps lasting up to 6 weeks each.

Since the times of socialism, when it was customary to paint the entire history of Russia until 1917 only with black paints, it is generally accepted that the soldier in Tsarist Russia stood on the lowest rung of the social ladder, was a creature absolutely without rights, who could be mocked and humiliated by anyone and everyone. . However, Article 28 of the Charter (and this is a state law (!), and not a departmental regulatory document) states that the lower rank in active service enjoys all the personal and property rights of their class with some restrictions.
The lower rank during active service was limited to:
1. Marriage is not allowed.
2. It is not allowed to personally manage industrial and commercial enterprises belonging to lower ranks (this restriction also applied to officers). The owner was obliged to appoint a manager responsible to him before the start of active service.

3. It is not allowed to sell alcoholic beverages. Even through responsible managers.

At the same time, the lower ranks also had a certain advantage. They could not be arrested for debts until the end of active service. Note that if a soldier or non-commissioned officer remained in long-term service, then the creditors just had to wait until the debtor got tired of military service and retired to the reserve. And then the statute of limitations expired.

Well, for example, a yard belonging to a lower rank is exempt from housing (that is, the landlady is not obliged to provide a hut to accommodate officials who arrive in the village on a business trip and feed them).

A soldier's peasant yard is not obliged to participate in public works to improve the village, local roads, etc.
The lower rank of the reserve entering the state civil service enters it with the rank that he received in the army, and the period of active military service is counted towards the length of service in the state civil service.
For example, a person in the army received the rank of senior non-commissioned officer. I decided to join the police. There he will immediately have a rank equal to that of the army. And immediately the years spent in active military service will be counted toward his police service record.

But on the contrary, no civilian ranks and civil service are taken into account if the reservist decides, for example, to re-enter long-term military service. Even though in the civil service he rose to at least the rank of IV class (a rank equal to major general), in the army he remains a senior non-commissioned officer.

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. From the author.

Hmmm, I wouldn’t say that a soldier in the tsarist army was a powerless gray brute, cannon fodder. Obviously, even in those days, the frail and incapable of real masculine work, the Russian intelligentsia covered up its moral and physical squalor with stories about the “horrors of military service.” And with ostentatious contempt for the “stupid and brainless army” she tried to hide from those around her (and from herself) her inferiority, including mental.
Well, or let's say this - he didn't turn out to be a smart officer, but he became a good writer and poet (Tolstoy, Kuprin, Lermontov). But can anyone name me a mediocre writer who gave up his pen and became an outstanding commander?

Reservists who become unfit for military service due to illness or injury are dismissed and removed from the list of reservists with the issuance of a certificate.

Lower ranks who become unfit for further service during active service and become disabled, if they have no means of subsistence, receive a pension of 3 rubles. per month, and those in need of outside care are placed in almshouses or charitable institutions.

Or disabled people are entrusted to the care of trustworthy persons with a payment of 6 rubles. per month.

Above, I wrote that certain categories of citizens were not conscripted for military service or enjoyed deferments from conscription or benefits (exemption from conscription under certain circumstances).

Persons not subject to conscription for military service in the Army or Navy

1. Persons of the Cossack class (since they are subject to service in the Cossack troops).
2. Local residents:
*Turkestan region.
*Kamchatka region.
*Sakhalin region.
*Middle Kolyma district.
*Verkhoyansk region.
*Vilyuisk region.
*Turukhansk and Boguchansk branches of the Yenisei province.
*Togur branch of Tomsk province.

*Berezovsky and Surgut districts of Tobolsk province.

3. Foreign population of all provinces and regions of Siberia with the exception of residents of the Bukhtarma volost of the Zmeinogorsk district of the Tomsk Province, as well as Koreans of the Primorsky and Amur regions.

4. Foreign population of the Astrakhan province.

5. Samoyeds of Mezen and Pechora districts of Arkhangelsk province.

6. Foreign population of Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk, Ural and Turgai regions.

7. Foreign population of the Trans-Caspian region.
8. Persons unfit for service due to health reasons:
*Height is shorter than 2 arshins and 2.5 inches (154 cm),

*Having diseases listed in the “Schedule of Physical Disabilities and Diseases.”

9. Persons enjoying benefits for family reasons of the 1st category.

10. Priests of all Christian denominations.

11.Orthodox psalmists.

12. Abbots and mentors of Old Believer and sectarian Christian communities.

14. Academicians, adjuncts, professors, dissectors and their assistants, associate professors, lecturers of oriental languages, private assistant professors of scientists and higher educational institutions.

15. Boarders of the Imperial Academy of Arts and persons who have completed a course of study at art and industrial schools, sent abroad to improve their education.

16. Graduates of the Urga and Kuldzha schools of translators and interpreters who served as translators and interpreters for more than 6 years.

17. Pilots and pilot apprentices. Moreover, they are not enrolled in the militia, but in the naval reserve for 10 years.

Persons for whom military service is replaced by cash tax.

1. Muslim population of Transcaucasia.

2. Muslim population of the Terek region.

3. Muslim population of the Kuban region.

4. Yezidis and Igholoi Christians living in Transcaucasia

5. Christian Abkhazians living in the Sukhumi district.

6. Kalmyks, Trukhmens, Nogais living in the Stavropol Territory.

7. Citizens of Finland (not citizens pay, but 1 million Finnish marks are transferred annually from the Finnish treasury to the state treasury).

Persons who are granted deferments from military service.

1. Persons who are recognized as weak - for one year.

2. Persons who have not recovered from illnesses and who are temporarily unfit for service - for one year.

3. Cossack troops. If, after a year, persons of these two categories again find themselves unfit for service, then they are completely released from service and are transferred to the State Militia as warriors.

3. Persons studying in secondary educational institutions - up to the age of 24 years.

4. Persons studying in higher educational institutions with a 4-year period of study - up to the age of 27 years.

5. Persons studying in higher educational institutions with a 5-year period of study - up to the age of 28 years.

6. Persons studying in Orthodox and Catholic Theological Academies - up to the age of 28 years.

7. Persons studying at the Etchmiadzin Armenian-Gregorian Theological Academy - up to the age of 28 years.

8. Persons studying at a higher art school at the Imperial Art Academy - up to the age of 28 years.

9.Government scholarship holders sent abroad at public expense to prepare for taking up scientists or teaching positions in scientific institutions or higher educational institutions - up to the age of 30 years.

10. Persons left in higher educational institutions to prepare for taking up scientists or educational positions in scientific institutions or higher educational institutions - up to the age of 30 years.

11. Persons studying at railway traffic service schools - up to the age of 24 years.

12. Persons who entered missionary courses at the Kazan Theological Academy - up to the age of 27 years.

13. Persons who have successfully completed the Novozybkovsky Agricultural Technical School - up to the age of 24 years.

14. Persons who have completed a course of foreman schools in road and construction - up to the age of 24 years.

15..Persons who are trainees in winemaking at the Nikitsky School of Horticulture and Winemaking.

16. Candidates of the Evangelical Lutheran clergy for ordination as preachers - for a period of five years.

17. Persons who have successfully completed a course of study in Orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian theological academies and seminaries - for a period of 1 year.

18. Graduates of the Urga and Kuldzha schools of translators and interpreters for the period of service as translators and interpreters.

19. Persons managing personal property real estate, trade, factory, industrial enterprise - until he selects a property manager for the duration of his service, but not more than 2 years.

20. Persons moving to new and undeveloped lands of the Russian Empire - for 3 years.

21. Sailors, machinists, stokers of sea vessels of the Russian merchant fleet - until the expiration of their contract, but no more than 1 year.

The difference between beneficiaries and other categories who were granted deferments from service or exempted from conscription was that they were subject to conscription if the main conscription contingent was insufficient, i.e. it was necessary to call up more young people for service than were available without rights to benefits.
This was mainly a benefit based on marital status. Beneficiaries were divided into 4 categories.

And if necessary, to replenish the ranks of conscripts to the required number, first category 4 beneficiaries were called up, then 3rd and 2nd category. 1st category beneficiaries were not subject to conscription at all.

1st category. *The only son in the family.

3. Cossack troops.*The only able-bodied son in the family if the father is disabled or died, and other brothers are on active military service.

*The only able-bodied grandchild living with the grandparents, if they no longer have able-bodied sons or grandchildren or are on active duty. *A person who has the care of a single mother or unmarried sister if there are no more able-bodied men in the household or they are on active military service. *A widower with one or more children in his care.

An able-bodied family member is considered to be a male person who has reached the age of 16 years, but not older than 55 years.

2nd category. *The only able-bodied son in the family if the father is able-bodied but is between 50 and 55 years old, and the other brothers are on active military service.

3rd category. *The only able-bodied son in the family if the father is able-bodied and under 50 years of age, and other brothers are on active military service. *The next oldest brother of someone killed in war or missing in action.

3. Cossack troops. 4th category. *Next oldest brother on active duty. *A person who has not received benefits of category 1, 2 or 3 due to the fact that the family has younger brothers of working age. 168 The recruitment campaign is held annually from October 1 to November 1. All males who are 20 years old by January 1 of this year are invited to draw lots. Persons who have been deprived by a court of all rights of the estate are not allowed to draw lots, i.e. civil rights.

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. For comparison. In Germany, military service was considered as a school for educating a German as a citizen of his country, and the soldier was considered a person standing on the social ladder above all civilians.
The basic principle of attitude towards military service was this: “If you consider this country to be your country, then you must one day put all your affairs aside and for some time stand guard over your state and your property with arms in hand. Who else if not you "You must defend your own property."
The issue of exemption from service was resolved simply - whoever did not serve as a soldier (regardless of the reasons) did not have the right to enter the state civil service (even as a postman), could not elect and be elected to municipal, public positions (even at least the head of a public choral society in the village). He could not practice law. Moreover, he could not own a house, land plot, or commercial enterprise. In short, he was a second-class citizen.
Interesting moment. In Germany, there were also more young men of military age than the army required. And they were also enrolled in the service by lot. And you could also go to serve voluntarily (volunteers). But what’s interesting is that the volunteer served at his own expense. He paid for everything out of his own pocket - from food, housing and to ammunition for his rifle (which he also received for a fee). In short, the volunteer did not cost the treasury a pfenning. But there were also restrictions on the number of volunteers that the regiment commander could accept into service. Outside the gates of each barracks there was a line of people wishing to become a soldier at their own expense. The young man who was given the lot to go to the service could consider himself lucky.

Is it necessary to talk here about the attitude of young Germans to service? And about the attitude of the German intelligentsia towards the army?

Structure of military conscription authorities.

The structure of the bodies dealing with issues of conscription for military service existed as follows. Supreme body
in the Russian Empire - Office of Military Service Affairs

at the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In each province (region) -

Provincial (Regional) Presence for military service.
In each district of the province, and accordingly in each district of the region -

Uyezd (District) presence for military service.
Members of the Presences are:
* in the Provincial Presence:
-chairman - governor,
- members - provincial leader of the nobility,
-chairman of the provincial zemstvo council or member of the council,
- district court prosecutor or his deputy,
-general from the nearest division,
-three staff officers (during the conscription campaign).

* in the District Presence - the chairman - the district marshal of the nobility,
- members - district military commander,
- district police officer,
-member of the district zemstvo council,
- one of the residents of the county,
-an officer from the nearest regiment (during the conscription campaign)

The Charter describes many clarifying and amending provisions relating to a number of localities. But it is simply impossible to describe all the subtleties within the framework of the article. Let us only note that in large cities there were City Presences for conscription as District Presences.

For the duration of the conscription campaign, two doctors are assigned to the District Presence, who are entrusted with the responsibility of medical examination of conscripts. One doctor must be a civilian, the second a military one.

Recruitment stations are subordinate to the District Presence.

Recruitment areas.
They are created depending on the size and population of the county. In small counties, one conscription station is created, in large counties several. In rural areas there is one plot for every 8-20 thousand inhabitants. In cities, conscription stations are created for every 5-10 thousand inhabitants.

Recruitment points.
One or more recruiting points are created in the recruiting area at a rate of no more than 50 miles from the point to the most remote settlement.

Organization of conscription for military service.

All male subjects of the Russian Empire who have reached the age of 16 are assigned to the corresponding conscription stations at their place of residence. The basis for adding a person to the registration list are entries in the parish registers of church parishes, family lists maintained by local authorities or the police, lists of members of workshops and societies.
However, persons over 16 years of age must ensure that they are included in the registration list by submitting an appropriate application. Those who fail to do this are subject to prosecution by law.

Persons assigned to a recruiting station receive a certificate of registration to the recruiting station. Enrollees are required to report all changes in family, property, and class status to the recruiting station. From December 1st of each year

District Presences begin to compile private draft lists. Private main lists A and private additional lists B are compiled. The compilation of private lists is completed and they are posted in the District Presences for public viewing for two weeks. During this time, everyone subject to conscription this year is obliged to check the list and declare all inaccuracies, errors, omissions made in relation to him.
Also during this period, persons who wish to enroll in military service as volunteers or hunters (aged 17 to 20 years) submit applications to be included in the lists.
Also, during this period, persons entitled to a deferment submit to the County Presence an application for a deferment with supporting documents attached.
Also, during this period, persons entitled to benefits submit applications to the County Presence for inclusion in additional lists (for benefits) with supporting documents attached.
Also, during this period, persons entitled to exemption from service submit applications to the District Presence accompanied by supporting documents.

After checking private draft lists, the District Presence by March 15 amounts to
General precinct lists of conscripts for each recruiting station separately.

Three additional conscription lists are attached to the general precinct conscription list:
Additional draft list A, which includes persons subject to conscription without drawing lots. These are those who tried to evade registration and conscription in various ways.
Additional draft list B, which includes persons who previously had a deferment from conscription and have now lost it.
Additional draft list B, which includes persons who have declared a desire to enter the service as volunteers or hunters.

By May 1 The district Presences submit general draft lists and additional lists A and B to the Provincial Presence.

By May 15 Provincial Presences submit information to the War Ministry about the number of available conscripts.

By July 15 The district Presences submit updated general draft lists and additional lists A and B to the Provincial Presence.

By August 1 Provincial Presences submit updated information on the number of available conscripts to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Upon receipt of all information, the Ministry of Internal Affairs distributes conscription orders between provinces, based on the needs of the army and the availability of conscripts.

By September 1 The Ministry of Internal Affairs sends instructions to the District Presences through the provincial Presences:
1. What categories of conscripts are subject to conscription (only non-preferential or non-preferential and benefit recipients of certain categories).
2. What percentage is subject to conscription from among those categories that are not completely subject to conscription.
3. Which categories of conscripts should be included in the draw reserve.

The recruitment campaign begins on October 1 and lasts until November 1. By this time, the District Presences assign each precinct the days for conscripts to report to the recruiting stations. Everyone must appear there, except for those who are exempt from military service, who have received deferments, who have benefits due to family status of the 1st category, who are entering the service as hunters and volunteers.

The conscription activities themselves at the conscription sites are managed by the District Presences, for which they arrive at the sites on the appointed days.

At the appointed time, the chairman of the Presence reads out all the lists (main, additional A, B and C) and conducts a roll call.

Persons who are not subject to conscription for military service, who have first-class family status benefits, and persons included in additional lists A, B, C. Persons included in lists A, B and C are enrolled as recruits without drawing lots.

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. This requires some clarification.
For example, a given recruiting station has orders to call up 100 people for active service. There are 10 people on lists A, B and C. All these 10 people are automatically included in the number of recruits. And for the remaining 90 places, those on the main list will draw lots.
Let's say there are 200 of them. The recruits will be those who draw lots from number 1 to number 90. The remaining 110 people fall into the “reserve of lots” category.

Of those who were included in the recruits (10 people from lists A, B and C, plus 90 people by lot), doctors rejected, for example, 15 people.

Then 110 people from the “reserve of lots” category draw lots again. And whoever gets numbers from 1 to 15 are included in the number of recruits. And all this is done in front of everyone who is present at the recruiting station. And besides those who are directly affected by all this, everyone can be present there. It seems that in such conditions it is hardly possible to cheat, to save your little man from soldiery. The possibility of fraud, although not completely excluded, is extremely difficult..

The acceptance list is announced to everyone present at the recruiting station.

Here are the lists:
1. List of warriors enrolled in the State Militia of the second category (beneficiaries based on family status of the first category, and persons declared unfit for military service),
2.List of persons enrolled in the draw reserve.

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. They will be listed in the reserve list of those drawn by lots until the conscription campaign is completed and the conscription order has been completed in a given conscription area. The fact is that the decision of doctors on fitness or unfitness for service, benefits based on marital status, etc. may be challenged in the Provincial Presence and, if the complaint is upheld, an additional drawing of lots may be required. At the end of the conscription campaign, they will be transferred from the reserve by lot to the first-class warriors of the State Militia.

3. List of persons enrolled as warriors in the State Militia of the first category. These are beneficiaries of family status of categories 2, 3, and 4 (if the Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to exempt from service either all of these categories or part of the categories during this conscription).

At the end of all activities, recruits are informed of the date of their appearance and the address of the assembly point where they are required to report.

The day of entry into active military service is the day of reporting to the assembly point.

Recruits who report to the assembly point are sworn in and undergo a medical examination. then they are sent to the troops.

To everyone else, the District Presence issues Certificate of attendance for military service.

This document further consolidates the status of a citizen regarding his attitude to military service.
The certificate is issued for the following period:
1. Recognized as completely unfit for military service - indefinitely.
2. Enrolled in the State Militia - for an indefinite period.

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. 3. Persons who have received deferments from service - for the period of deferment.

It should be noted that those enrolled in the State Militia can no longer be called up for military service, even if their health or marital status has changed. Even those who turned out to be completely fit for service, did not have any deferments and did not get into service only because they drew the appropriate lot, can no longer be called up for military service. Even during the war. They retain the right to enter the service as volunteers or hunters.

Voluntary. Usually from the reader gets the impression that these volunteers were the sons of nobles, the offspring of aristocrats, or at least from wealthy families who, due to their sloppiness, were unable to hide from soldiering in universities, or did not want to enter cadet schools. So they were enlisted as volunteers, and for a very short time they hung around idle in the regiment in the uniform of privates. short leg with officers waiting for the order to confer an officer rank to arrive. Well, or during the First World War, incorrigible romantics who longed for exploits and awards were enrolled as “freelance workers.” And, they say, they also put on officer’s shoulder straps very quickly.

In reality, everything was somewhat different.

Those wishing to enroll as volunteers in the Ground Forces had to meet the following requirements:
1.Age 17 years or older.

3. Have a certificate of completion of an educational institution of the first category (i.e., an institute), or 6 classes of a gymnasium (i.e., have a complete secondary education).
4.Not be under trial or investigation.

As we see, among these conditions there is no condition of belonging to the nobility or having some kind of high social position.

The service life of volunteers is 18 years, of which 2 years of active service in the lower ranks and 16 years of service in the reserve.

Service in itself did not give volunteers the right to be awarded an officer rank. To do this, it was necessary to pass an exam for the rank of ensign or second lieutenant (cornet). The knowledge requirements are the same as for cadets of military schools.

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. Those. The “volunteer” in the regiment is in worse conditions than the cadet at the military school. He must actually train himself, while performing regular soldier service. And he will take the exam at a military school. I don’t think that the school’s teachers will treat a “volunteer” more leniently than their cadets.

If a volunteer passes the warrant officer exam before the end of the first year of service, then his period of active service is reduced to 1 year and 6 months, and he serves the remaining six months with the rank of warrant officer.

If a volunteer passes the second lieutenant exam before the end of the first year of service, then his period of active service is reduced to 1 year and 6 months, and he can remain in officer service. But if there is no need for officers in the regiment, the person who passed the exam served the remaining six months with the rank of second lieutenant and was transferred to the reserve.

The advantage of serving as a volunteer was, first of all, that he served 1 or 2 years less than those called up. Secondly, if he passed the officer exam, he won for another six months. Thirdly, the main purpose of recruiting as volunteers was still the goal of preparing young people as officers, which means that the attitude of the regiment officers towards him should have been more attentive.

And fourthly, depending on his success in service, he was quickly promoted to non-commissioned officer ranks, which made life in the barracks much easier.

Persons who have the degree of doctor of medicine, physician, master of veterinary sciences, pharmacist, pharmacist, which gives them the right to occupy high-ranking positions in the military or naval departments (i.e. military officials), who entered military service as volunteers, serve in the ranks for 4 months lower ranks and then 1 year 8 months with high ranks (i.e. military officials), after which they are transferred to the reserve.

Students of the Corps of Pages and military schools are considered volunteers in relation to military service. For graduates of these military educational institutions, their training time is counted towards their total service life. Moreover, if they are graduated or expelled from military educational institutions by lower ranks, then each year of training is counted as one and a half years of military service.

Persons who have graduated from educational institutions of state civil departments, and are therefore obliged to serve a certain number of years in the civil public service, have the right to enroll in military service as volunteers, but after completing military service they are still required to serve the required number of years in the civil service. If they wish to remain in military service, then they remain in it with the permission of their civilian department, but not less than for the number of years that they were obliged to serve in the civilian department.

Hunters.

Hunters are persons who wish to serve in the army voluntarily, but do not have higher or secondary education.
Those wishing to join the Ground Forces as hunters had to meet the following requirements:
1.Age from 18 to 30 years.
2. Fitness for military service due to health reasons.
3.Not be under trial or investigation.
5.Not be deprived of the right to enter the public service.

6.Have no criminal record for theft or fraud.

The terms of service for hunters are the same as for those called by lot.

Upon completion of active military service, lower ranks (soldiers and non-commissioned officers) are discharged from active service and sent to their places of chosen residence. Upon arrival at the place of residence, the lower rank is registered with District Military Commander, which is in charge of all issues of registration of those liable for military service, reservists, conscription from the reserve to active service or training camps, transfer from the reserve of the first category to the reserve of the second category, exclusion from military registration for various reasons.

Upon leaving a military unit, those dismissed receive dismissal card, which is the basis for admission to military registration by the District Military Commander. He also makes a note in the passport stating that the owner is listed in the reserves.

Direct accounting of the lower ranks of the reserve is carried out locally by:
*Volost Board- for peasants, townspeople, townspeople, artisans, and guild workers living in rural areas within the volost.
*County police department - for all storekeepers living in cities, provincial towns, suburbs, towns of a given county.
*City Police Department - for all reservists living in cities that have their own police department.
*Bailiff - for all storekeepers living in the countries.

When changing place of residence, the storekeeper is obliged to deregister at the old place of residence and register at the new place of residence.

Reservists are called up for repeated active service on the basis of the Highest Decree in case of need to increase the size of the army. Usually when there is a threat of war.

A call can be made:

1. General, if necessary, increase the number of all troops.
2.Privately, if necessary, increase the number of troops in certain areas.

Also widely used in documents and in the Charter instead of the term “conscription” is the term “mobilization” in order to distinguish regular conscription in the usual manner, existing in both peace and war, from emergency events associated with the return to service of reservists.

Mobilization calls are handled by the District Military Commander with the help of the District Police Department.

When mobilization is announced, all reservists are given one day to organize all their personal affairs, after which they are required to report to assembly points at their place of residence. Here they undergo a medical examination. From them are formed marching teams, which are sent to military units in various ways.

State militia.

The state militia is convened only in time of war to solve auxiliary tasks of a military nature in order to free up for combat units those ranks in military service who performed these duties in peacetime. For example, protection of military facilities (warehouses, arsenals, ports, stations, tunnels), protection of the coastline, protection of the rear of the Active Army, convoy service, service in hospitals, etc.
At the end of the war or the passing of the need, the militia units are immediately disbanded.

The state militia is recruited from males under the age of 43 who are not enrolled in military service (active and reserve), but are capable of carrying weapons. Older people enlist in the militia at will. All militias have the same name "warrior", with the exception of officers.

The militia is recruited by age, starting from younger ages, as needed.

The militia is divided into two categories.
First category These are militia units and militia units to reinforce standing troops. The first category includes:
1. Persons who were subject to call-up for active service during regular annual conscription, but were not selected for it by lot.
2. Persons enlisted in the militia upon release from military service in the reserve.

Second category these are only militia units. The second category includes all persons declared unfit for military service, but capable of bearing arms.

The following are formed from the warriors of the state militia:
*militia foot squads,
* militia horse hundreds,
*militia artillery batteries,
*militia fortress artillery companies,
*militia sapper companies,
*militia sea crews, half-crews and companies.

Foot squads can be reduced into brigades and divisions, horse hundreds and artillery batteries into regiments, fortress artillery companies and sapper companies into squads.

Warriors enjoy all the rights, privileges and are subject to the same rules and laws as the lower ranks of the standing troops. However, if they commit crimes, warriors are subject to civil rather than military court.

Officer and non-commissioned officer positions in militia units are occupied by persons who have the appropriate military ranks received in military service. It is allowed to appoint to a position one step higher or lower than the rank.
If there is a shortage of officers, persons who do not have officer ranks, or who have an officer rank two or more levels lower than the position, can be appointed to officer positions. In this case, they are assigned a temporary rank corresponding to the position, which they wear only while they are in this position. To distinguish it from real ranks, the word “ordinary-” is added to the name of the rank. For example, a retired army second lieutenant was appointed commander of a militia regiment. He receives the rank of "common colonel".

And again, a reservist serving in the state civil service, in the event of repeated call-up to active service, retains his civil rank, position and place in the civil service. He retains official housing, payments for heating, lighting, and transportation. All the time of repeated active service goes into civil service experience, which gives the right to annual remuneration, pensions, benefits, and the award of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. During the First World War, the most common rank among militia officers was the rank of ensign. This was due to the fact that there were the fewest retired officers available to occupy the lower officer positions. Therefore, these positions were filled by retired non-commissioned officers, who were awarded the rank of ordinary warrant officer.

When mediocre officers were awarded the Order of St. George, they lost the prefix “ordinary” and their officer rank changed from temporary to real.

Afterword.

This was the system of universal conscription in the Russian Empire on the eve of the First World War. Of course, after its outbreak and the further course of the war, it underwent certain changes. Something was canceled, something was introduced. But in general, this system was maintained until the 1917 revolution. Further events of the revolution and the Civil War completely broke it, both on the side of the White Movement and the Bolsheviks. The destruction of both the Russian Army and its recruitment system, and subsequently the entire Russian state, was started not by the Bolsheviks, but by liberal and democratic parties, which were multiplying at that time in incredible numbers. At the head of these parties were Russian intellectuals who were extremely far from understanding the place and importance of the army in the state (all these sworn attorneys, lawyers, writers, economists, journalists, etc., etc.), completely incapable of either building a new state or manage the existing, but possessed monstrous aplomb and conceit, spewing stormy fountains of eloquence and delusional utopian ideas.
Well, something happened that could not have happened.

The army, this backbone of any state, fell apart and collapsed. And the entire Russian state instantly collapsed.

The Bolsheviks initially tried to build a new army based on Marx’s completely utopian and unimaginably stupid idea of ​​​​replacing the forced army with the general arming of the people. But it turned out that two or three months in 1918 were enough to understand that even in the most democratic state it was absolutely impossible to build an army on democratic principles. And began the long journey of restoring the army and the recruitment system based on the old tsarist principles, which could not be fully completed by 1941.

Destroying is easy, fun and enjoyable. It only took a couple of years (1917-1918).

Twenty years were not enough to restore.

Today the Russian Army and its recruitment system have been destroyed again. And again by democratic intellectuals. And it was destroyed much more thoroughly than in 1917.
What's next? The intellectuals of the early 20th century paid heavily and cruelly for their stupidity and wandering in the clouds of mental delusion. Executions, expulsions, camps, repressions. And rightly so!

But history has taught today's democrats nothing. Do you think that this cup will pass away from you?

Oops?
Source and literature
1. S.M.Goryainov. Statutes on military service.

Commissioner of military educational institutions.

Military conscription in Russia St. Petersburg 1913 2. Directory of necessary knowledge. All Perm, Algos-Press. Permian. 1995 3. Life of the Russian Army of the 18th - early 20th centuries. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1999

Military conscription in Russia

- a general obligation for all male citizens to perform military service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Duration of compulsory military service in the Air Force, Armed Forces

Air defense

1700-1874

Peter I first founded a standing army on the compulsory service of nobles and the collection of Danish people, the so-called recruits. Little by little, the nobles were freed from duty - first the nobles (1762), then merchants, honorary citizens, and the clergy, so that its burden finally lay exclusively on the peasants and townspeople.

1874-1914

Since 1874, universal personal conscription was introduced in the Russian Empire, to which the entire male population of Russia is subject; cash ransom and replacement by hunters were no longer allowed. The number of people required for permanent troops was determined annually by law. The draft age was 21 years old. Entry into active service was determined by lot, and those not accepted for service were enlisted in the militia until the age of 39.

According to the law of April 26, 1906 on reducing the terms of service in the ground forces and navy in peacetime, in the ground forces in the infantry and foot artillery for those drawn by lot, the period of active service was 3 years. This was followed by a stay in the 1st category reserve (7 years) and in the 2nd category reserve (8 years).

In other branches of the military, the period of active service was 4 years. This was followed by a stay in the 1st category reserve (7 years) and in the 2nd category reserve (6 years).

In the navy, the period of active service was 5 years. This was followed by a stay in the I category reserve (3 years) and in the II category reserve (2 years).

Educational benefits consisted of a shorter period of active service; The service life for those who completed the 1st category course (as well as 6 classes of the gymnasium) was 2 years plus 16 years in reserve. To serve preferential service as a volunteer, in addition to good health, an application was required upon reaching the age of 17 and a certificate of completion of a course at an educational institution of the 1st and 2nd category or passing a special exam. The service life for category I was 1 year and 12 years in reserve, for category II - 2 years and 12 years in reserve.

A deferment for serving conscription was given for physical disabilities (until recovery), for arranging property matters (up to 2 years) and for completing education in educational institutions (up to 27-28 years).

Those who were completely unable to bear arms were exempted from service. There were also three categories of benefits based on marital status: category I - for the only son in the family or the only family member capable of working; II category - for the only son capable of work with a capable father and incapable brothers; III category - for persons who are next in age in the family to a person already in active service. Clergy and some clergy were also exempt from service; those with degrees of doctor of medicine, doctor, veterinarians, pensioners of the Academy of Arts and teachers of government educational institutions were enlisted directly into the reserve for 18 years.

Those who entered service after the conscription year were enlisted in the reserve until the age of 43.

1914-2008

Military conscription in Russia and the USSR continues. In 1925, the Law on Compulsory Military Service was adopted, annual conscription into the army was restored for a period of 2 years for Red Army soldiers, for junior command staff aviation and Red Navy - 3 years.

Post-war demobilization ended in 1948. In 1949, a new law was adopted, according to which conscription was carried out once a year in November-December, the period of service in the ground forces and aviation was established for 3 years, in the navy for 4 years.

In 1968, the period of military service was reduced in the ground forces to two years, in the navy to three years, and spring conscription was introduced. According to some reports, this could contribute to the emergence of hazing: conscripts completing their service could oppress new ones due to the fact that they had to serve a year less. For graduates of institutes who did not receive military training, the period of military service was determined to be 1 year.

Position since 2007

Currently, the basis is the Federal Law of 03/06/1998 “On Military Duty and Military Service”, some provisions of which have been amended or repealed by numerous subsequent laws.

Legal ways to avoid conscription in Russia

Most legal ways to avoid the draft involve obtaining deferments or exemptions from the draft.

• Admission to the University
• Admission to graduate school
• Obtaining an exemption or deferment for health reasons
• Permanent residence outside the Russian Federation
• Completing military service in another state

see also

Notes

Links

• Everything about military service on the website of the Russian Ministry of Defense
• Federal Law “On Military Duty and Military Service”, 03/06/1998
• Deferment from the army on the website of the "Conscript Support Center"

Wikimedia Foundation.

See what “Conscription in Russia” is in other dictionaries:

Military service in Russia is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation to protect the Fatherland. Military service in Russia provides for: military registration; compulsory preparation for military service; conscription; passage of the military... ... Wikipedia

See what “Conscription” is in other dictionaries:- (English description) the obligation of the population established by national legislation to perform military service in the armed forces of their country. Each formation has its own forms of V.p. In a slave society V.p. constituted a duty and a right... Encyclopedia of Law

British! (Lord Kitchener) needs you! Join the army of your homeland! God save the king. (World War 1 Poster) I need you for the US Army! It's time to sign up! Military duty (conscription) is an obligation imposed on citizens... ... Wikipedia

The obligation to personally defend one’s homeland has existed at all times and in all states, although its very fulfillment was subject to various fluctuations and distortions. At first, the right to personally speak out in defense of the fatherland was the privilege of only full-fledged... ...

The legal obligation of the population to perform military service in armed forces of your country. In a slave-owning society, slavery was the duty and right of free, mainly property-owning people. With its appearance in Greece and Rome... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

conscription- a legal obligation of the population (usually from the age of 18) to perform military service in the armed forces of their country. For the first time V.p. introduced in 1798 in France (conscription). In the Russian Federation, the term military duty, which is similar in meaning, is used. * * * … Large legal dictionary

The duty of the population established by law to bear military. service in the armed forces forces of your country. Each socio-economic formations have their own specific characteristics. forms V. p. In slaveholding. about ve V. p. constituted the duty and right of the free, ch. arr.... ...

This is a system of serving military service in which the state determines how many recruits fit for service should be supplied from each community (rural, urban, etc.), providing a distribution of what is required from the community... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

The husband's statutory duty. the population of all classes bear the military. service in the armed forces the forces of his state. First introduced in 1798 in France by a special law (Conscription). In the 19th century V. in. items were introduced by all major Western states. Europe, except... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia