Specificity of socially oriented communication. Professional - pedagogical communication: concept, types, styles. Speech behavior in interpersonal and socially oriented communication

4.5.1. Socially Oriented Communication

Socially oriented communication- communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, etc.); the determining factor in such communication is group affiliation or role position. It clearly expresses serving character of speech- It is aimed at organizing joint activities of people. This feature predetermines a much stricter regulation of speech behavior.

In pragmatic language learning, a number of specific rules are formulated, the implementation of which allows people to carry out joint actions. The initial conditions are as follows:

ü the participants in the interaction have at least a short-term immediate common goal. Even if their ultimate goals differ or contradict each other, there should always be some kind of common goal;

ü the expectation that the interaction will continue until both participants decide to stop it (we do not leave the interlocutor without saying a word, and we do not start doing something else for no reason).

The described conditions are called the "principle of cooperation". The principle of cooperation- the requirement for the interlocutors to act in a way that would correspond to the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation.

Basic rules of speech communication, based on this principle, they say:

1) the statement should contain exactly as much information as is required to fulfill the current goals of communication. Excessive information is sometimes misleading, confusing;

2) the statement should be as true as possible: try not to say what you think is false; do not say something for which you do not have sufficient reasons;

3) the statement must be relevant, i.e. relevant to the subject of conversation: try not to deviate from the topic;

4) the statement should be clear: avoid incomprehensible expressions, ambiguity, unnecessary verbosity.

In reality, speech sins with violations and deviations from certain rules of communication: people are verbose, do not always say what they think, their speech is fragmentary, unclear. However, if in this case the violation does not concern the basic principle of cooperation, the interaction continues and one or another level of mutual understanding is reached. Otherwise, deviation from the rules can result in the destruction of communication and the degradation of speech.

Along with the principle of cooperation, it is important the principle of courtesy. Key elements of the principle of politeness: tact, generosity, approval, modesty, benevolence.

Distinctive features of speech communication in socially oriented communication are

1) fairly certain expectations on the part of the recipient of the message. Moreover, these expectations are due to more or less stable role stereotypes that exist in the representation of the addressees, namely: how a representative of a particular social group should speak, what kind of speech inspires or does not inspire confidence, the speaker owns or does not own the topic, etc. The more official the speech situation is, the more formalized are the listeners' expectations;

2) a kind of impersonal speech (participants in verbal communication speak, as it were, not on their own, but “on behalf of the group”, that is, it is customary to speak in the group of which they feel they are representatives).

Of particular importance are the speech strategies and tactics used by the interlocutors.

Voice communication strategy– the process of building communication aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes the planning of speech interaction depending on the specific conditions of communication and the personalities of the communicators, as well as the implementation of this plan, that is, the line of conversation. The goal of the strategy can be different: gaining authority, influencing the worldview, calling for action, cooperation, or refraining from any action.

Tactics of speech communication- a set of methods of conducting a conversation and lines of conduct at a certain stage within a separate conversation. It includes specific methods of attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him, persuading or persuading the addressee, bringing him into a certain emotional state, etc.

Thus, the strategy corresponds to the goals (WHAT?), and tactics - the means to achieve these goals (HOW?).

In socially oriented communication, the social roles of speakers and listeners act as the most important factor in speech behavior. Language in socially-oriented communication is one of the tools for establishing the social status of the participants in communication.

In addition to direct representations, when the most significant roles of interlocutors for communication are called, there are indirect ones - socio-symbolic- means of demonstrating the social status and role repertoires of the communicants.

These funds include:

1) the choice of the form of appeal. The form of address reveals the social hierarchy, and in case of equality social statuses expresses a personal relationship with a partner. By changing the forms of address, one can emphasize the formality - informality of relations, set a social distance. Examples of addresses: “ladies and gentlemen”, “comrades”, “friends”, “hey, you, my dear”, “dearest”;

2) deliberate imitation of pronunciation. We "adapt" our language, pronunciation to the partner's language if we like it. Parents often adjust their language to "baby speech" when talking to a baby.

When we want to separate ourselves from a person or group, we can emphasize differences in our speech. French Canadians prefer their politicians to give public speeches in English language with a strong French accent, even if they are able to speak perfect English.

In Russian news programs, leaders of some of the former Soviet republics, who are fluent in Russian, answer the correspondent's questions with a strong accent.

3) choice of style of speech behavior. There are high and low, influential and non-influential styles:

ü High style involves emphatically correct use of words and construction of sentences; it is perceived as official, more formal, distant;

ü for low style typical colloquial speech, saturated with slang words, the use of slang; it is perceived as informal, friendly;

ü influential - not influential. Those who speak in an influential way use utterances whose very structure seems to direct the action of the addressee. Influential: "Let's have dinner tonight" irrelevant: “Would you like to have lunch with me?”

4.5.2. Person-Centered Communication

Person-Centered Communication- communication, in which each of its participants recognizes the indispensability, uniqueness of his partner, takes into account the peculiarities of his emotional state, self-esteem, personal characteristics.

Main form verbal communication in interpersonal communication- conversation-talk. This speech has several distinctive features.

1. This is phatic speech, the main purpose of which is to speak in order to speak out and meet with understanding. Usually this is an exchange of remarks, the content of which is associated with each other. Keeping the conversation going can serve as an end in itself.

- Again the weather deteriorates.

- It's always like this with us, after the heat - thunderstorms, and then it's cold.

- Did you hear what was going on in Moscow? What a terrible hurricane?

- Yes, but that's something else. That's when I was on a few years ago Far East …

The rules used by the interlocutors are determined by them intuitively. This is an exchange of opinions and feelings, illogical, but sincere enough. Words are not well chosen.

2. May take the form of talking in circles. "talk in circles" – . speak without evidence, especially if the topic causes one of the interlocutors to powerful emotions or he is sure that his views are accepted by everyone.. In this case, the person simply insists on his own, according to the principle "it is so, because it is so."

- Divorce is terrible.

- Why?

Because my mom thinks it's terrible.

Why does she think so?

- Yes, because it's terrible!

3. The order of partners in the course of a conversation is not limited to a sequential exchange of remarks. The conversation can be built as tirades of one interlocutor and periodic nods of approval from the other, or as a violation of the order of statements and answers alternately pronounced by the participants. At the same time, the broken sequence of answers, the transition from one topic of conversation to another, do not cause bewilderment or misunderstanding among the interlocutors, precisely because the contexts of the conversation are obvious to each of its participants.

Passengers in the train play cards. Controllers enter the car.

1st passenger: Do you have tickets?

2nd: Yes.

1st: Give me a map, I'm walking.

2nd: And so the fine - how much?

1st: I don't know. (Turns to the person sitting next to him.) You do not know?

3rd: No. Don't have a ticket?

1st: Yes. Just wondering how much more expensive...

Thus, the most important characteristics everyday colloquial speech are:

ü addressing personality, i.e. individual appeal of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and opportunities for understanding the topic of the message; more attention to the organization of feedback from partners.

ü spontaneity and ease . The conditions of communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors are forced to think and speak at the same time. The norms of spontaneous natural speech allow that

Speakers intervene in each other's conversation by clarifying or changing the subject;

The speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

Statements are full of reservations, repetitions and other linguistic errors.

ü situationality . The direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows the use of facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions that is inevitable in informal speech. At the same time, situationality involves taking into account past situations of communication with a given person (if they took place), his social status as a condition that must be observed in order to be understood in this situation. For this reason, any statement, a completely innocent question, can be filled with a range of a wide variety of feelings, ranging from simple curiosity to unspoken reproaches, hidden resentment.

ü emotionality . In the foreground is the emotional-individual perception by the speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor. The desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to frequently express personal assessments, emotional preferences, and opinions. At the same time, emotional immediacy not only does not complicate, but, on the contrary, facilitates understanding of what is happening in general and the state of our interlocutor, in particular.

Question number 1 The concept of communication. The structure of the speech situation and the conditions for the success of the speech act. Communication models: information-code, interactional, inferential.

The structure of the speech situation:
- Participants of the speech situation.
- Goals of speech in the process of verbal communication.
- Conditions and circumstances of the speech situation.
The conditions that must be met in order for a speech act to be recognized as appropriate are called the conditions for the success of a speech act. A communication model is a generalized idea of how communication proceeds.

Communication refers to various forms of social interaction. Along with the term communication in science, the term communication is used. The concept of communication is usually interpreted as more broad concept. So, communication is possible not only between people, but also in the animal world, in technical means. The term communication is usually used when talking about social communication: communication between people, communication between humans and animals. The purpose of communication is the exchange of content based on understanding. To describe the achievement of this goal, several models of communication have been created in communication theory. A communication model is a generalized idea of how communication proceeds.

Let's consider 3 models: 1) information-code, 2) interpretation (interaction), 3) inference. The communication model is a generalized idea of how communication proceeds.

· The information-code model of communication was proposed by the creator of cybernetics K.Shannon and adapted to human speech communication by R.O.Jakobson. This model is based on the concept of communication as the transmission of a message (information) from the sender (addresser) to the recipient (addressee) through a code. The information code model includes the following components:

The sender is the one who forms and sends the message.

The addressee is the one who receives the message.

Code (language) - the code or language used by the addressee when receiving and decrypting the message.

A message is a sequence of characters, a speech product, a text. The message presupposes a certain theme, purpose, content (meaning) and form (signifier).

The environment (context, situation) is the conditions in which communication is carried out and which affect the meaning of the message. An indicator of the role of context is the possibility of constructing completely different answers to the same question. Well, how?: Five! (if he passed the exam); recovering (if someone is sick).

From the position of the information-code model, communication is considered successful if the received message is adequate to the sent one. The reasons for unsuccessful communication can be interference both from the side of the addresser (poor diction or illegible handwriting, etc.), and from the side of the addressee (poor hearing, vision, poor health). In addition, the quality of communication is affected by the technical features of the transmitting and receiving devices, channel, communication, various kinds of external interference (noise. The code model of communication minimally takes into account the so-called "human facto" - the subjective contribution to the communication of the communication participant.

2. The interpretational (interactional) model of speech communication was developed in the works of I.N. Gorelov, E. Goffman and others. This model focuses on the communicative behavior of persons participating in communication, and this behavior can be both verbal and non-verbal. At the same time, an adequate interpretation of this behavior by a partner acquires an important role, which is based on knowledge of the forms of communicative behavior typical for a given culture, certain groups of people (children, adolescents, adults). The interactional model of communication involves a more active involvement in the processes of communication of a wide range of socio-cultural and psychological context than the basic information-code model. The data of special scientific disciplines - sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguoculturology are involved in the construction of the interaction model.

3. The inference model of verbal communication is based on the principle of derivation of knowledge from a message without the aid of a code, i.e. without (de)coding. The founder of this model, Paul Grice, gives the following example: Paul asks Linda how she feels, and instead of a verbal answer, she shows him a box of aspirin. Linda's answer does not contain cola because there are no rules that regularly correlate its action with the meaning of "feeling bad." However, Paul successfully recognizes Linda's intent.

Question number 2 Types and methods of communication: verbal / non-verbal, direct / indirect, contact / distant.

Communication is a variety of forms of social interaction. Depending on the means of communication, there are several types and methods of communication.

1. Depending on the means of communication, verbal and non-verbal communication are distinguished.

Speaking of language, we usually mean human verbal language. However, it is known that when communicating with each other, people use not only words and sentences (verbal means), but also special significant actions - bow, facial movements, pictures, color signs. These means in the complex constitute non-verbal means. Typical non-verbal means of communication are gestures and facial expressions.

Gesticulation is significant body movements, mainly head and hand movements.

Facial expressions are meaningful movements of the muscles of the face. Like verbal language, systems of gesticulation and facial expressions developed gradually and largely spontaneously in societies. These are natural sign systems. However, there are also such sign systems that were specially designed for more convenient transmission of information, often information of a special nature. Such sign systems are usually called artificial. An example is the language of the deaf and dumb, a traffic signal. As an example of an artificial verbal language, one can name the language of international communication Esperanto. From the point of view of the presence / absence of an additional communication channel, direct (direct) - mediated communication is distinguished. Indirect communication takes place when mediating channels are used: letters, telephone, computer communications, etc. From the point of view of the presence / absence of direct contact between them, communicants distinguish between contact and distant communication. Contact communication is communication that takes place in conditions of spatial or temporal contact of communicants: a business or friendly conversation at a meeting, a lecture in an audience, etc. As a rule, contact communication simultaneously acts as direct (direct). Distant communication is called communication that occurs in conditions of a spatial or temporal gap between communicants. Such communication needs an additional channel and means of communication, i.e. acts as a mediator. In addition, if the communication is asynchronous, its content is preserved (for example, in the form of a graphic, sound, digital recording) and stored in this way until it is received by the addressee. Therefore, distant communication needs a certain material carrier that ensures the delivery of content from the addresser to the addressee.

Question number 3 Types and methods of communication: socially oriented / interpersonal, informational / fatal

Depending on the number and role characteristics of the participants in communication, interpersonal and socially oriented communication are distinguished. Interpersonal or informal communication is the interaction between a small number of communicants who are often familiar with each other, are in spatial proximity and act as carriers of individual personal qualities (in informal relationships). Social (socially oriented) communication - communication of communicants as representatives of certain social groups or carriers of certain social, status roles. Such communication often acts as a public, official one. The main feature of such communication is the focus on solving an extra-speech goal, organizing joint activities of people for this. From point of view communicative function distinguish between phatic and informational communication. Not all communication is an exchange of information. The purpose of communication may not be the transfer of the new, but the desire to speak out, break the awkward silence, establish or maintain contact with the interlocutor. Such communication is called phatic. An example of phatic speech can be an extended greeting (Hello! How are you?), a conversation in a forced joint stay (in an elevator, in a queue. Phatic speech, as can be seen from the examples, is often found in informal communication, but sometimes it is also appropriate in social interaction Information communication is the transfer of new relevant information, i.e. the implementation of the message function, as well as a request for a message in the form of a question.

Features of the situation of communication have a direct impact on the content and design of speech. The same content in different conditions, with different partners is presented in different ways. At the same time, the number of participants in speech communication matters (a speech is made in front of an audience or two or three are talking) and the orientation of communication - on the personality of a particular person (the so-called personality-oriented communication), on the social roles of the interlocutors (professional, official, group) or on the audience generally.

Socially oriented communication

communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.); the determining factor in such communication is group affiliation or role position.

socially oriented communication it is, first of all, the communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.). Accordingly, the determining factor in speech behavior is their group affiliation or role position (for example, a leader is a subordinate, a consultant is a client, a teacher is a student, etc.).

In socially oriented interaction, the serving nature of speech is clearly expressed - it is aimed at organizing joint activities of people. This feature predetermines a much stricter (in comparison with interpersonal interaction) regulation of speech behavior. Although the norms of speech behavior belong to the sphere of tacit agreements between members of society, it is in the sphere of socially oriented communication that their observance is accompanied by much stricter control.

Rules, strategies and tactics of speech communication

In pragmatic language learning, a number of specific rules are formulated, the implementation of which allows people to carry out joint actions. The initial conditions are:

the participants in the interaction have at least a short-term immediate common goal. Even if their ultimate goals differ or contradict each other, there must always be some common goal for the duration of the interaction;
the expectation that the interaction will continue until both participants decide to end it (we do not leave the interlocutor without saying a word, and we do not start doing something else for no reason).

The described conditions are called the "principle of cooperation" (Gries, 1985). The principle of cooperation- the requirement for the interlocutors to act in a way that would correspond to the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation.

Basic rules of speech communication, based on this principle, they say:

1. The statement should contain exactly as much information as is required to fulfill the current goals of communication; redundant information is sometimes misleading, causing irrelevant questions and considerations, the listener may be confused due to the fact that he assumed there was some special purpose, a special meaning in conveying this extra information.

2. The statement should be as true as possible: try not to say what you think is false; don't say things for which you have no good reason.

3. The statement should be relevant, that is, correspond to the subject of the conversation: try not to deviate from the topic.

4. The statement should be clear: avoid incomprehensible expressions, ambiguity, unnecessary verbosity.

The principle of cooperation

the requirement for interlocutors to act in a way that would be consistent with the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation.

Along with the principle of cooperation, it is important to regulate social interactions the principle of courtesy. Such key elements of the principle of politeness as tact, generosity, approval, modesty, consent, benevolence, expressed (or not expressed) in speech, most directly determine the nature of social relationships.

A goal clearly understood by the sender of the message requires a thoughtful form of the message and a predictable reaction of the audience.

Distinctive feature verbal communication in socially oriented communication - quite certain expectations on the part of the recipients of the message. Moreover, these expectations are due to more or less stable role stereotypes, existing in the representation of the addressees, namely: how a representative of a particular social group should speak, what kind of speech inspires or does not inspire confidence, whether the speaker owns or does not own the topic, etc. The more official the speech situation is, the more formalized are the listeners' expectations.

A natural consequence of the described features is a kind of impersonal speech, when the participants in verbal communication speak, as it were, not on their own behalf, not on their own behalf, but “on behalf of the group”, that is, as it is customary to speak in a group whose representatives in this situation they feel themselves to be. .

Of particular importance are the speech strategies and tactics used by the interlocutors.

Under speech communication strategy understand the process of building communication aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes the planning of speech interaction depending on the specific conditions of communication and the personalities of the communicators, as well as the implementation of this plan, that is, the line of conversation. The goal of the strategy may be to gain authority, influence the worldview, call for action, cooperation or refraining from any action.

Tactics of speech communication is understood as a set of methods of conducting a conversation and a line of conduct at a certain stage within a separate conversation. It includes specific methods of attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him, persuading or persuading the addressee, bringing him into a certain emotional state, etc.

Tactics may vary depending on the conditions of communication, the information received, feelings and emotions. The same person under different circumstances seeks to realize different goals or strategic lines. Changing tactics in a conversation is a mental operation, which is often done intuitively. By collecting and reflecting on tactical techniques, one can learn to apply them consciously and skillfully.

To manage the flow of the conversation, you need to think in advance big picture and possible options for the development of a conversation, learn to recognize key points at which a change of topic is possible, strive to isolate the methods of speech influence used by the interlocutor, evaluate his strategy and tactics, develop ways of flexible response-playing along or countering.

Features of the situation of communication have a direct impact on the content and design of speech. One and the same content in different conditions, with different partners is presented in different ways. At the same time, the number of participants in verbal communication matters (a speech is made in front of an audience or two or three are talking) and the orientation of communication - on the personality of a particular person (the so-called personality-oriented communication), on the social roles of the interlocutors (professional, official, group) or on the audience generally.

Socially oriented communication -it is, first of all, the communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.).

Socially oriented communication - communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.). the determining factor in such communication is group affiliation or role position.

Accordingly, their group affiliation or role position becomes the determining factor in speech behavior (for example, a leader is a subordinate, a consultant is a client, a teacher is a student, etc.).

3.3.1. Rules, strategies and tactics of speech communication

In pragmatic language learning, a number of specific rules are formulated, the implementation of which allows people to carry out joint actions. The initial conditions are: the participants in the interaction have at least a short-term immediate common goal. Even if their ultimate goals differ or contradict each other, there must always be some common goal for the duration of the interaction;

the expectation that the interaction will continue until both participants decide to end it (we do not leave the interlocutor without saying a word, and we do not start doing something else for no reason).

The described conditions are called the "principle of cooperation" (Gries, 1985).

The principle of cooperation- the requirement for the interlocutors to act in a way that would be consistent with the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation.

Basic rules of speech communication, based on this principle, they say:

2. The statement should be as true as possible: try not to say what you think is false; don't say things for which you have no good reason.

3. The statement should be relevant, that is, correspond to the subject of the conversation: try not to deviate from the topic.

4. The statement should be clear: avoid incomprehensible expressions, ambiguity, unnecessary verbosity.

The principle of cooperation- the requirement for interlocutors to act in a way that would correspond to the accepted goal and direction of the conversation.

Along with the principle of cooperation, it is important to regulate social interactions the principle of courtesy. Such key elements of the principle of politeness as tact, generosity, approval, modesty, consent, benevolence, expressed (or not expressed) in speech, most directly determine the nature of social relationships.

A goal clearly understood by the sender of the message requires a thoughtful form of the message and a predictable reaction of the audience.

A distinctive feature of speech communication in socially oriented communication is quite certain expectations on the part of the recipients of the message. Moreover, these expectations are due to more or less stable role stereotypes, existing in the representation of the addressees, namely: how a representative of a particular social group should speak, what kind of speech inspires or does not inspire confidence, whether the speaker owns or does not own the topic, etc. The more official the speech situation is, the more formalized are the listeners' expectations.

A natural consequence of the described features is a kind of impersonal speech, when the participants in verbal communication speak as if not on their own, not on their own behalf, but “on behalf of the group”, that is, as it is customary to speak in a group whose representatives in this situation they themselves feel.

Of particular importance are the speech strategies and tactics used by the interlocutors.

Under speech communication strategy understand the process of building communication aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes the planning of speech interaction depending on the specific conditions of communication and the personalities of the communicators, as well as the implementation of this plan, that is, the line of conversation. The goal of the strategy may be to gain authority, influence the worldview, call for action, cooperation or refraining from any action.

Tactics of speech communication is understood as a set of methods of conducting a conversation and a line of conduct at a certain stage within a separate conversation. It includes specific methods of attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him, persuading or persuading the addressee, bringing him into a certain emotional state, etc.

In order to manage the course of a conversation, it is necessary to think in advance of the overall picture and possible options for the development of a conversation, learn to recognize key points at which a change of topic is possible, strive to isolate the methods of speech influence used by the interlocutor, evaluate his strategy and tactics, develop ways of flexible response - playing along or counteracting .

3.3.2. Speech as a means of asserting social status

In socially oriented communication, the social roles of speakers and listeners act as the most important factor in speech behavior. At the same time, there is the following functional dependence: not only the role situation sets the nature of the speech behavior of its participants, but also the chosen language means construct and confirm the social situation. Language, of course, is one of the tools for asserting the social status of participants in communication. Let's consider this question in more detail.

For an adequate understanding of the speech message, the participants in communication try to designate social relations in the structure of which communication is supposed to develop in various ways. In addition to direct representations, when the most significant social roles of interlocutors for communication are called, there are indirect ones - socio-symbolic - means of demonstrating the social status and role repertoires of the communicants.

These funds include:

Choice forms of appeal. The form of address reveals the social hierarchy, and if social statuses are equal, it expresses a personal attitude towards the partner. By changing the forms of address, one can emphasize the formality or informality of relations, set a social distance. Let's compare the appeals: “ladies and gentlemen, “comrades”, “friends”, “hey you, my dear”, “dearest”. A similar function can be performed by selected forms of greetings or farewells, for example: “hello”, “great guys”, “greetings”, “salute”, “bye”, “all the best”, etc. In Russian, civil status a person is clearly indicated by the appeal: “Ivan Petrovich”, “comrade Ivanov”, “citizen Ivanov”. The latter implies that the person has lost or may lose his status as a free citizen of the country.

Intentional imitation of pronunciation. It is noticed that we "adapt" our language, pronunciation to the partner's language if we like it. So, parents often adjust their language to “baby speech” when talking with a baby. On the other hand, when we want to separate ourselves from another person or group, we may emphasize differences in our speech. This is what teenagers sometimes say in the presence of adults. French Canadians prefer their politicians to deliver public speeches in English with a strong French accent, even if they are capable of speaking perfect English. A similar phenomenon can be observed when, in Russian news programs, the leaders of some former republics Soviet Union who know the Russian language perfectly, answer the correspondent's questions with a strong accent.

Style selection speech behavior. Distinguish high and low, influential and uninfluential styles,

For high the style is characterized by the emphatically correct use of words and the construction of sentences; it is perceived as official, more formal, distant. For low style is characterized by colloquial speech, saturated with slang words, the use of slang; it is perceived as informal, friendly.

Those who speak in an influential way use utterances whose very structure seems to direct the action of the addressee. For example, "Let's have dinner tonight" sounds more influential than "Would you like to have dinner with me?". Researchers in the field of communication distinguish several forms of so-called non-influential messages;

1) evasive phrases reflecting subjectivity; "I think", "I guess" nt. P.;

2) indecisiveness, linguistic "stuttering" (use of disconnecting interjections like "uh", "um", "you know", "well"): "Hm, could you give me a minute of your time?"; "Well, we could try"; "I want to, uh, if you'll excuse me, offer..."

3) polite forms - "Forgive me ..."; "Sorry..."; "Be kind";

4) ending questions; “We can start already, do you think?”; "It's hot in here, isn't it?";

5) intense words: "great", "wonderful", "amazing", "very".

Changing the style of address, in particular the use of the form "you-you » in circulation, in itself can be a technique aimed at "raising" or "lowering" status. The "you" form is usually associated with informal, friendly relationships, while the "you" form is associated with formal and emotionally neutral or colder ones. The transition from "you" to "you" is a distancing strategy that demonstrates disapproval, alienation, rejection, hostility. Switching back, on the other hand, is an acceptance strategy that signifies affection, a desire for less formality for more friendliness.

Thus, for: verbal behavior in social interactions, the speech design of the social role status of communication participants is of primary importance, fairly strict control over the content and form of messages sent, a decrease in personality. In socially oriented communication, due to certain conditions, the distance between partners increases. Whether this is due to spatial or temporal disunity, difference plays a role. social status or the inequality of the interlocutors is due to the situation - one way or another, but the interaction, the contact between the participants in communication is complicated. This is reflected in speech, which demonstrates an incomparably greater detachment from its subject and its addressee than speech in interpersonal interaction.

communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.); the determining factor in such communication is group affiliation or role position.

accompanied by much more stringent controls.

In pragmatic language learning, a number of specific rules are formulated, the implementation of which allows people to carry out joint actions. The initial conditions are:

The participants in the interaction have at least a short-term immediate common
goals. Even if their ultimate goals differ or contradict each other, for a period
interactions should always have some common goal;

The expectation that the interaction will continue until both participants
do not decide to stop it (we do not leave the interlocutor without saying a word, and do not
We start all of a sudden doing something else).

The described conditions are called "principle of cooperation"(Gries, 1985).

The principle of cooperation

the requirement for interlocutors to act in a way that would be consistent with the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation.

Basic rules of speech communication, based on this principle, they say:

1. The statement should contain exactly as much information as required
to fulfill current communication goals; redundant information sometimes leads to
misleading, causing irrelevant questions and considerations, the listener
may be confused by assuming some special purpose,
special meaning in the transfer of this extra information.

2. The statement should be as true as possible: try not to speak
what you think is false don't say what you don't have enough
grounds.

3. The statement must be relevant, that is, correspond to the subject
conversation: try not to deviate from the topic.

4. The statement should be clear: avoid incomprehensible expressions,
ambiguity, unnecessary verbosity.

A distinctive feature of speech communication in socially oriented communication is quite certain expectations on the part of the recipients of the message. The more official the speech situation is, the more formalized are the listeners' expectations.

Of particular importance are the speech strategies and tactics used by the interlocutors.

Tactics of speech communication understood as a set of methods of conducting a conversation and

lines of conduct at a certain stage within a separate conversation. It includes specific methods of attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him, persuading or persuading the addressee, bringing him into a certain emotional state, etc.

Speech is also a means of asserting social status.

In socially oriented communication, the social roles of speakers and listeners act as the most important factor in speech behavior. Language, of course, is one of the tools for asserting the social status of participants in communication.

For an adequate understanding of the speech message, the participants in communication try to designate social relations in the structure of which communication is supposed to develop in various ways. In addition to direct representations, when the most significant social roles of interlocutors for communication are called, there are indirect ones - socio-symbolic- means of demonstrating the social status and role repertoires of the communicants. These funds include:

Choice forms of appeal. The form of address reveals the social hierarchy, and
with equality of social status expresses a personal attitude towards the partner. changing
forms of address, you can emphasize the formality or informality of relations,
set social distance. Let's compare the appeals: "ladies and gentlemen", "comrades",
“friends”, “hey you, my dear”, “dearest”. A similar function can be performed by
selected forms of greetings or farewells, for example: "hello", "great,
guys”, “greetings”, “salute”, “bye”, “all the best”, etc. in Russian
the civil status of a person is clearly indicated by the appeal: "Ivan Petrovich",
"comrade Ivanov", "citizen Ivanov". The latter means that the person
has lost or may lose his status as a free citizen of the country.

Intentional imitation of pronunciation. It has been observed that we "adjust" our
language, pronunciation to the partner's language if we like it. So,
Parents often adjust their language to "children's speech" when talking to a baby.
On the other hand, when we want to separate ourselves from another person or group, we
We can emphasize the differences in our speech. That's what teenagers sometimes say
the presence of adults. French Canadians prefer their political
figures made public speeches in English with strong French
accent, even if they are able to speak perfect English. Similar
phenomenon can be observed when in Russian news programs the leaders of some
former republics of the Soviet Union, fluent in Russian, with
answer the correspondent's questions with a strong emphasis.

Style selection speech behavior. Allocate high and low, influential and
uninfluential styles.

For high the style is characterized by the emphatically correct use of words and the construction of sentences; it is perceived as official, more formal, distant. For low style is characterized by colloquial speech, saturated with slang words, the use of slang; it is perceived as informal, friendly.

1) evasive phrases reflecting subjectivity: "I think", "I guess" and
etc.;

2) indecisiveness, linguistic "stuttering" (use of disconnecting

interjections like "uh", "um", "you know", "well"): "Um, could you give me a minute of your time?"; "Well, we could try"; "I want to, uh, if you'll excuse me, offer..."

3) polite forms - "Forgive me ..."; "Sorry..."; "Be kind";

4) ending questions: “We can already start, what do you think?”; "It is hot here,
truth?";

5) intense words: "great", "wonderful", "amazing", "very".
Changing the style of address, in particular the use of the form "you" / "you" in address,

in itself can be a technique aimed at "raising" or "lowering" status. The "you" form is usually associated with informal, friendly relationships, while the "you" form is associated with formal and emotionally neutral or colder ones. The transition from "you" to "you" is a distancing strategy that demonstrates disapproval, alienation, rejection, hostility. Switching back, on the other hand, is an acceptance strategy that signifies disposition, a desire for less formality and more friendliness.

Thus, for verbal behavior in social interaction, the speech design of the social role status of communication participants, a fairly strict control over the content and form of messages sent, and a decrease in personality are of primary importance.

In socially oriented communication, due to certain conditions, the distance between partners increases. This is reflected in speech, which demonstrates an incomparably greater detachment from its subject and its addressee than speech in interpersonal interaction.