As a result of studying the chapter, the student should:

know

• features of Russian accent and pronunciation;
• a system of special marks used in spelling dictionaries to indicate pronunciation options;

be able to

• determine the reasons for the appearance of variants of stress in words, as well as the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations;
• identify cases of erroneous pronunciation of words and offer replacements in accordance with the norms of the literary language;

own

• norms of literary pronunciation;
• skills in analyzing options for placing stress in words and pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations using dictionaries and reference books on speech culture.

Orthoepic norms

Orthoepic norms and deviations from literary pronunciation norms

Orthoepy (from ancient Greek. oithos - straight, correct and epos - speech) establishes rules for the uniform pronunciation of words. Orthoepy fixes the norms of pronunciation of sounds, combinations of sounds in certain phonetic positions. Orthoepic norms are rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in words.

Orthoepic norms include two types of pronunciation norms: accentological norms (norms for placing stress (with a broad understanding of the term - the pronunciation of a stressed sound refers to orthoepy)) and actually spelling standards (norms for pronunciation of individual sounds).

Due to the fact that orthoepic norms regulate the rules for the use of linguistic units of a literary language, they are also called literary pronunciation norms. Norms for the pronunciation of sounds develop simultaneously with the formation of the national language.

Historical reference

Russian literary pronunciation developed under the influence of historical factors. In the 17th century, during the period when Moscow became the center of the Russian state, the unifier of Russian lands, a cultural center, many features of the Moscow dialect were perceived as exemplary and were actively adopted (the Moscow dialect was formed on the basis of northern Great Russian dialects under the strong influence of southern Great Russian dialects, i.e. it reflected the features of linguistic variants fixed in different territories). As a result, such features of the Moscow dialect as akanye - pronunciation - became established as an orthoepic norm in the literary language O in an unstressed position as [a |, - the norm of pronunciation of a letter combination chn as [sh] in a number of words, etc.

In the 19th century The historical and cultural situation is changing. St. Petersburg actively determines not only political, economic, social, but also cultural trends. The nature of the pronunciation of sounds began to be strongly influenced by the St. Petersburg dialect, which manifested itself, in particular, in the pronunciation of the letter combination chn like [chn], in pronunciation in borrowed words e after consonants like [e], etc. The speech of St. Petersburg residents of that time was characterized by orthoepic variants, close to the written form of the word, i.e. the word was pronounced close to how it was written: i[sh, h IR - box, |sh'ch]n - cabbage soup, [w]hat.

Many modern norms for pronunciation of endings of adjectives, endings and suffixes of verbs, letter combinations chn etc. appeared under the influence of spelling: modern pronunciation options like long>.go[dya|t, gathered, tapping, felt established themselves instead of historical ones dol|go th, hotsut, collected] With], tap]wat, felt

After the revolution of 1917, due to active social changes and a large influx of population to the capital cities, the differences in the speech of Muscovites and St. Petersburg residents began to gradually disappear and by the end of the 20th century. have practically disappeared.

Pronunciation variants, which were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century, reflect some features of both Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation. These pronunciation variations have become established as a national norm.

Deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation are caused by two main reasons. The first is due to the fact that the unified orthoepic norm is influenced by pronunciation features traditional for a certain territory. Even if the orthoepic norms of the literary language are observed, there are some differences in the pronunciation of individual sounds, characteristic of representatives of different regions.

These seemingly insignificant discrepancies lead to the fact that the pronunciation style of the residents of Samara and Arkhangelsk, Rostov-on-Don and Irkutsk, Voronezh and Yekaterinburg has distinctive features. For example, in the south of Russia there will be a noticeable pronunciation on the spot [g| special sound - [y], paired in deafness/voicing with the sound [x|. This sound is typical for southern dialects: |y|orod, [y]tin, |y|say, but it will also be found in a less vivid version in the speech of those who generally master the norms of orthoepy. In the north of Russia, Okanye is a stable dialect feature. Okanye in its pure form may be lost as a result of mastering literary norms, but in the place of unstressed | about | in the speech of educated people living in the northern territories, a sound close to fuzzy [e] is often found: water - [veda], home - [demoy], Then - [pet|. According to the norms of literary pronunciation, a vague [a] should be pronounced in the indicated positions: [vada], [dama], [patom]. In Moscow, on the contrary, in similar positions in place of the fuzzy |a| a clear, open sound |a| is pronounced, which leads to akan. The speech of the inhabitants of the Ural region is characterized by a kind of “patter”, which arises as a result of rapid speaking, “swallowing” of consonants, and shortening the duration of vowel sounds. It loses the melodiousness characteristic of the literary language and often becomes difficult to understand.

Thus, pronunciation features that are traditional for a particular territory can manifest themselves in varying degrees of severity in the speech of native speakers of a literary language and, in some cases, cause violations of orthoepy norms.

The second reason for deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is due to the fact that There is not always a correspondence between the letter and sound form of a word. For example, words are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation it corresponds to the sound [sh|: of course, but, boringly, mo, - or written with a letter G, in place of which it is pronounced [v]: legally va], legally va|; is written resume, de jure, computer, and is pronounced summary [me], [deyure], computer[te]r. Letter G, in particular, can be pronounced as [G]- annual, [To] -forgery, pledge, [in| -legal, lawful, [X] -God, [h] -accountant, bookkeeping, bookkeeping.

In the indefinite form of the verb in place -tsya According to the literary norm, a long sound is pronounced ts - |zza|:engage - busy tsa],develop - develop[tsa, strive - striving[sha] and so on. Under the influence of dialects, they often mistakenly speak as they write - engage], develop], strive [to]. In common parlance, in place of letter combinations - there is , -tsya An erroneous pronunciation often occurs, which is characterized by the absence of a long sound [ts|:I don't like it - don't like it [ tsa] instead of the correct one don't like it. No need to be afraid - battle[ tsa] instead of the correct one battle[ 1 sh]a.

Suffix -xia used in verbs after consonants: laughed, washed his face. After vowels the variant -съ is used: laughed, washed. Other pronunciation - laughed, washed - is colloquial.

There are quite a lot of various inconsistencies between letters and sounds, letter combinations and sound combinations in the Russian language, and it is in these cases that spelling errors often arise: we can often hear incorrect pronunciations of words: boring, trivial, computer, producer at er, buhtalteria, boro]a] and so on.

• The throat sound [h] - average between the sounds [g] and [x] - is not typical for Russian pronunciation; it can be found in interjections, yeah, wow. This sound can be heard in southern dialects.

Orthoepia (from Greek. orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design, the uniformity of which helps facilitate verbal communication.

The peculiarity of orthoepic norms is that they relate to oral speech. Within the framework of orthoepic norms, pronunciation and stress norms are considered.

Let's get acquainted with some pronunciation rules

a) vowel sounds

In unstressed syllables, vowel sounds undergo reduction - qualitative and quantitative changes as a result of weakening articulation. For example: s[a]sna, v[i e ]sna, h[i e ]sy, call[b]v, v[b]lykan, v[b]nut, [a]bladat, zh[a]key , l[y]shadey.

b) consonants

Voiced consonants at the end of words and in their middle before voiceless consonants are deafened, for example: yastre[p], zap[t], tra[f]ka.

In place of voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except V, the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced, for example: [h]run, o[d]throw, v[g]hall.

In some cases, assimilative mitigation is observed, i.e. consonants preceding soft consonants are pronounced softly, for example: [z'd']es, gvo[z'd']i, ka[z'n'], ku[z'n']ets, pe[n' s']iya.

Double consonants are pronounced for a long time as a long consonant sound if the stress falls on the preceding syllable, for example: gru[pp]a, ma[ss]a, program[mm]a. If the stress falls on the subsequent syllable, then double consonants are pronounced without length, for example: a[k]ord, ba[s]ein, gra[m]atica.

Rules for placing stress

• 1. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the singular indirect cases, for example: bandage - bandage, damn it - damn, tourniquet - tourniquet, umbrella - umbrella, whale - whale, tusk - fang, bucket - bucket, hook - hook, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, flail - flail, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.
• 2. In the accusative case of the singular, feminine nouns have stress either on the ending or on the root, for example:
  • A) tops - tops, spring - spring, gums - gum, ash - ash, pickaxe - pickaxe, hole - hole, sheep - sheep, dew - dew, plow - plow, foot - foot,
  • b) mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - winter, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.
• 3. Some feminine nouns are pronounced with emphasis on the ending when used with prepositions V And on in a circumstantial meaning: in handfuls, on the chest, on the door, in the bones, in the blood, in the night, on the stove, in a connection, in a network, in the steppe, in the shadows, on a chain, in honor.
• 4. In the genitive plural, the following are pronounced: a) with an accent based on: localities, honors, profits;
• b) with an accent on the ending: statements, fortresses, news, stories, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) that follows it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, prepositions take over the emphasis on, for, under, over, from, without, For example:

on the:for the water, for the leg, for the arm, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the wall, for the head, for the side, for the shore, for the year, for the house, for the nose, for the corner, for the ear, for the day, for the night , two, three, six, ten, one hundred;

behind:for water, for a leg, for the hair, for the head, for the hand, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the ear, for the ears, for the night, for two, for three, for six , for ten, for forty, for a hundred;

under: under your feet, under your arms, downhill, under your nose, in the evening;

By: by sea, by field, by forest, by floor, by nose, by ear, by twos, by threes, by a hundred, by twos, by threes;

from:from the forest, from home, from nose, from sight;

without:without a trace, to no avail, without a year, without a week.

Wed. Also: hour from hour, year from year, to night, to floor and etc.

• 5. Plural nouns with endings -s, -i, when declensting, as a rule, they retain the accent based on: rectors - rectors, turners - turners, drivers - drivers, scarves - scarves; plural nouns with endings -and I, when declining, as a rule, they have an accent on the ending: bills - bills, doctors - doctors, passports - passports, fields - fields, bread - breads.(See morphological norms of nouns.)
• 6. Many short adjectives in feminine have an emphasis on the ending: pale, pale, pale, pale; close, close, close, close; small, small, few, small; full, full, full, full; simple, simple, simple, simple.
• 7. In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the emphasis is on the ending, less often on the basis:
  • A) took, was, took, forked, heeded, lied, drove, gave, got, tore, lived, asked, borrowed, called, poured, made, hired, began, drank, sailed, understood, arrived, accepted, tore, distributed, reputed, took off, slept and etc.;
  • b) beat, shaved, blew, stung, laid, stole, winged, washed, crushed, fell, gave birth, sewed.
• 8. Some reflexive verbs masculine past tenses have an accent on the postfix: got busy, locked himself in, hired himself, started, leaned on, got started.
• 9. Some perfective verbs have an accent on the ending: turn it on, turn it on; make it easier, make it easier; you call, they will call; if you move, they will move; you will set it up, they will set it up.
• 10. Verbs to -ovate, -ovate pronounced like this: 11

-edit	-ated	-ow	-ovated
motivate	motivated	carbonate	carbonated
review	peer-reviewed	pleat	pleated
direct	directed	corrugate	corrugated
arrange	arranged	give bonuses	awarded
stabilize	stabilized	label	marked
discuss	debated	seal	sealed
clash	disharmonious	to book	armored,
date	dated	(cover	A Also:
to book	privatized	armor),	spoiled
(order
in advance)		pamper
privatize

11. For many passive past participles, the stress is on the stem, except for the feminine singular form, in which it is transferred to the ending, for example: taken - taken - taken - taken; started - started - started - started; given - given - given - given; accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted; sold - sold - sold - sold; lived - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from participles to -abused, -torn, -called The feminine form has an accent based on:

picked up, picked up, sorted out, elected, tidied up, picked up, picked up, sorted out, collected, selected, put away etc.;

torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, flayed, torn, etc.;

called, called, called, recalled etc.

Rules for pronunciation of individual words

Pronunciation of adverbs

With emphasis on the prefix: in bursts, to the full, completely, completely, briefly, headlong, above, below, in twos.

With emphasis on the root: extremely, enviably, for a long time, since ancient times, otherwise, sometimes, a hundredfold, immediately.

With an accent on the ending: rented, before dawn, from time immemorial, masterfully, equally.

Pronunciation of foreign words

In words of foreign origin that have not been fully assimilated into the Russian language, in place of the letter O in an unstressed position it is pronounced [o], i.e. reduction does not occur: b[o]a, cocoa[o], radi[o].

Before a vowel indicated by a letter e, there is a double pronunciation.

Softly spoken words:

academy, affect, beret, brunette, hypothesis, devaluation, decade, decoration, demagogue, correct, museum, pressing, term, overcoat, effect.

Pronounced firmly.

alternative, anesthesia, antithesis, atelier, barter, genetics, neckline, delta, dumping, code, cafe, patronage, rating, thesis, tender, thermos, Chopin, plug, esthete.

Words artery, bacterium, pool, parcel, cycle track, tasting, dean, decade, depot, depression, credo, lottery, nylon, novella, claim, progress, sonnet, therapist, terror, federation, trout, instance, energy have a double pronunciation.

The following words are difficult to pronounce:

Get to know the pronunciation of individual words agent, apostrophe, bartender, unrestrained, genesis, cedar, pantry, aches, ordeal, uncork, seal, understood, bonus, belt, shoe, Christian, scoop, manger.

Some words have different meanings: occupied (place) - occupied (person)", reserved (room) - reserved (car)", spare (exit) - spare (pencil, player)", sparkle (with happiness) - sparkles (snow)", workaround (path ) - bypass (sheet)", transfer (form) - transfer (exam, novel)", immersed (on the platform) - immersed (in water)", mobile (flexible) - mobile (composition)", call (cry) - military age)",

developed (child) - developed (socialism) - developed (curl)", reflex (related to the reflector) - reflex (impulsive);

steps (in a ladder) - steps (stage of development of something)",

wonderful (amazing) - wonderful (strange)",

linguistic (made from tongue) - linguistic (barrier).

Euphony presupposes the most perfect combination of sounds from the point of view of speakers of a given language, convenient for pronunciation and pleasant to the ear. The most natural sound of Russian speech is achieved by alternating consonant and vowel sounds and a slight use of combinations of several consonants. Combinations of two consonants at the beginning and middle of a word are common in Russian, for example: snow, steppe, paddle, kind, placing them at the end of a word makes it difficult to articulate: kind, round, dim.

The euphony of speech is also influenced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables and the associated predominance of short or long words. Speech is euphonious if short words alternate with long ones, in which case the stressed syllables are not located in a row and not too far from each other. For Russian language average length words - three syllables.

We are training

No. 104. Pronounce the words correctly, determine their meanings. Complete the task.

Disdain, unprecedented, competitiveness, long-distance, mock, perturbation, precedent, slip, knowledgeable, compromise, scrupulous, paid, extraordinary, escort, legal adviser.

1. Try to compose a text using as many of these words as possible in your speech.

No. 105. Make up phrases with words of different styles. Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in a dictionary.

• 1) official business style: accountants, gross, initiated, contract, claim, catalogue, quarter, marketing, marketing, arrears, provision, inform, wholesale, share, customs, facsimile, petition, statutory, expert",
• 2) scientific style.
• a) general scientific vocabulary: apostrophe, asymmetry, genesis, hyphen, anticipate, phenomenon, flyleaf, concentration, shorthand",
• b) from the field of cultural studies: religion, confessor, heretic, eating, iconography, small fraction, masterfully wields the pen, scanty, headlong, fetish, chaos, chaos, sleek, Christian, dandy",
• c) from the field of medicine: aches, drowsiness, phlegm; dispensary, whooping cough, syringes;
• 3) conversational style: bartender, exorbitant price, blinds, exhaust, flounder, beet, plum, mold, pepper, pizzeria, baking sheet, rust, dancer.
• 1. Compose texts in formal business, scientific and conversational styles, use the words given.

No. 106. Compose the words by analogy: gas pipeline

Garbage-..., oil-..., route-...

No. 107. Place stress in the following words, indicate alternative cases of stress placement. Check your knowledge in the dictionary. Complete the tasks.

Analogue, apoplexy, asymmetry, scam, indulge, pamper, pampered, pampered, pampering, blagovest, veterinary, croutons, pressing, denim, dispensary, waited, milkmaid, blinds, life support, envious, calling, conspiracy, long ago, busy, seal, invention, otherwise, industry, stroke, flounder, catalogue, cedar, pantry, college, compass, more beautiful, flint, hunk, marketing, masterfully, briefly, medicines, metallurgy, scanty, meeting, thinking, for a long time, intention, start, obituary, provision, facilitate, flint, at the same time, lend, wholesale, inform, uncork, loop, experienced, transferred, repeat, crowd, repeat, call, submitted, bonus, award, arrived, sentence, dowry, force, accepted, acquisition, pullover, perspective, rust, come true, beets, silo, orphans, convocation, means, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, shoe, deepen, legitimize, strengthen, aggravate, phenomenon, flyleaf, hypocrisy, petition, owners, cement, centner, gypsy, draw, chassis, sorrel, expert.

• 1. Which of these words did you pronounce incorrectly?
• 2. Compose with these words small text, try to keep it humorous, read it to a friend.
• 3. Which of the following words have a double pronunciation? What is this connected with?

No. 108. Read. In which of these words is [o] preserved in an unstressed position? Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in a dictionary of foreign words.

Excitement, aroma, banjo, baobab, blockbuster, boa, bobsleigh, glass, bon vivant, Bordeaux, veto, dossier, zoologist, coalition, communique, concert, cooperation, lorgnette, model, neo-fascism, non grata, nonconformist, non-stop, nouveau riche , oasis, speaker, briefcase, sombrero, sonata, bullfighter, trio, foyer, chaos, highway.

• 1. Why do you think foreign words are they pronounced differently?
• 2. Give your own examples of words in the pronunciation of which [o] is preserved in an unstressed position.

No. 109. Read the words. Determine whether the consonants before the sound [e] are pronounced softly or hard in these words?

Academy, barter, business, sandwich, bill of exchange, genesis, debtor, decade, dean, declaration, delicacy, deposit, indexation, integration, intelligence, cafe, coffee, loan, cream, landrover, manager, management, Odessa, press, pressing, producer, tandem, thesis, tennis, term, thermos, masterpiece, effect, jurisprudence.

• 1. What do you think is the reason for the difference in the pronunciation of these words?
• 2. Write a short story using some of these words.

No. 110. Use the verb in the 2nd person form of the simple future tense and put the emphasis.

Drill, cook, hammer, invigorate, modify, turn on, impute, hoist, give, call, reproach, sculpt, beckon, lighten, salt, stir.

No. 111. Read the words. Indicate which of them pronounce [e] at the root of the word, and which ones pronounce [o]?

Scam, hopeless, whitish, faded, being, icy conditions, grenadier, bilious, bile, misogynist, hagiography, pharynx, foreign, expired, maneuvers, pronominal, perplexed, catechumen, eponymous, guardianship, sedentary, solvent, savvy, scabrous.

1. Make sentences with some words.

No. 112. Read the words, pay attention to how you pronounced these words. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words in a dictionary.

Chaotic, everyday, bakery, felt, maid, mustard plaster, buckwheat, bachelorette party, enough, Ilyinichna, of course, to the head, hawker, petty, thrush, milk, tip, on purpose, special, dishonest, pepper maker, shoulder pad, candlestick, laundry, gingerbread, trifling, herring, hearty, birdhouse, boring, creamy, matchstick, shooting, dotted, apple, fried egg, barley.

• 1. Determine in which words [ is pronounced chn, and in which - shn]1
• 2. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?
• 3. What pronunciation do you think is typical for older people?
• 4. What, in your opinion, is the reason for the appearance of pronunciation? [chn] in the speech of the younger generation of people?
• 5. There is a version that the pronunciation [chn] arose under the influence of written speech - words began to be pronounced the way they were written. How do you feel about this view of scientists? Prove your point.
• 113. Read the words. Which of them contain a double consonant? Check the meaning and pronunciation of words in dictionaries.

Appeal, assembly, assorted, attache, stand, bill, bath, gram, flu, influenza, diffusion, cash desk, cool, proofreading, manna (heavenly), Moroccan, mass, massage, array, mousse, million, program, Saturday, terrace , terror, cellophane.

1. Write a short text with some of these words.

No. 114. Read the words. Which of them have pronunciation options?

Atlas, barge, armor, loaded, gifted, iris, chum salmon, compass, credit, quarter, laurel, scanty, wrinkle, bloody, loop, damned, rust, folded, meatballs, coward, Ukrainian, filter, characteristic.

• 1. Find words that differ from each other in stylistic coloring or sphere of use.
• 2. Which of the words are doublets, equal variants?
• 3. Which of these words differ in meaning? Make up sentences with these words.

No. 115. Read the words. Using professional jargon, determine which person they might belong to?

• A) accountant, gross, yaw production, catalogue, quarter, marketing, arrears, security, share, statutory",
• b) spark, chassis",
• V) dispensary, orthopedics, syringes,
• G) flounder, chum salmon;
• d) initiated (case), sued, convicted.
• 1. Choose a standard pronunciation option for each word.

Let's check ourselves

• 1. What does orthoepy study?
• 2. List the basic rules for pronunciation of words.
• 3. What are the main conditions for the euphony of speech?

Orthoepy is the totality of all pronunciation norms in a literary language, as well as a separate section of linguistics that studies the functioning of these norms. Orthoepy as a section develops recommendations for the pronunciation of various sounds, sound combinations, grammatical forms, and words borrowed from other languages.

Oral speech is based on concepts such as pronunciation and stress. Very often they are not reflected in writing to the proper extent, so it is important to know how to correctly pronounce words in a literary language, especially since it develops very rapidly and is more widespread. It's no secret that in last years people began to read and write less and talk and listen more.

the main problem is that existing orthoepic norms are often violated. What causes these errors? Let's take a closer look at these mistakes and the rules that will help you avoid them.

Orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and individual words. A distinctive feature of pronunciation is uniformity. Spelling errors can negatively affect listeners’ perception of speech. They can distract the interlocutor’s attention from the essence of the conversation, causing misunderstanding and irritation. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates the communication process and makes it more effective.

Orthoepic norms determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws governing the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.

The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called “younger” and “senior” norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to Old Moscow spelling norms.

Basic rules of pronunciation

In the Russian language, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose clarity and definition. This is the law of reduction. Thus, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: s(a)roka, v(a)rona. In unstressed syllables, an unclear sound can be pronounced in place of the letter “o”, for example, like the first syllable in the word “head”.

The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “y” after a preposition, a hard consonant, or when pronouncing two words together. For example, “pedagogical institute”, “laughter and tears”.

As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of deafening and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a dull sound are deafened, which is characteristic feature Russian speech. An example is the word “pillar”, the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like “p”. There are very, very many such words.

In many words, instead of the sound “ch”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “nobody” and others).

As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with pronunciation. Usually such words obey the norms existing in the language, and only sometimes can they have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is to soften the consonants before “e”. This can be seen in words such as “faculty”, “cream”, “overcoat” and others. However, in some words the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).

Orthoepic norms- these are also the norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in the Russian language. This means that the stress may differ in different grammatical languages ​​(“hand” - “hand”).

Remember correct speech is the key to success. It needs to be constantly improved and developed. It’s better to look into the spelling dictionary once again than to constantly make elementary and funny mistakes in pronunciation or stress. Speak beautifully!

Lecture material

subject Russian language

Topic “Orthoepic norm”

Soldatova E.N.

Lebedyan, 201_

Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for the sound design of words, parts of words, sentences, i.e. the rules for pronunciating sounds, placing stress, and using intonation.

Among the orthoepic norms the following stand out:

pronunciation standards(pronunciation standards) - rules for pronunciation of sounds(scam, but not scam, boo[te]rbrod, but not sandwich);

accent norms (accentological norms) - rules for placing stress(alphabet, but not alpha "vit, dosu"g, A not up to "sug);

norms for using intonation(intonation norms) - rules of intonation, speech.

Studies orthoepic norms of oral speechorthoepy(Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech), the subject of study of which is the patterns of literary pronunciation. A branch of linguistics called phonetics is closely related to orthoepy.Phonetics(Greek phonetike from phone - sound) studies the sound means of language.

Maintaining uniformity in the pronunciation of sounds and stress placement is important. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations, and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. The standard pronunciation of words is recorded in spelling dictionaries.

Standard pronunciation of words, normative stress and intonation of speech are regulated by certain rules that must be adhered to in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable, Russian literary language.

Pronunciation standards vowel sounds

The basic law of orthoepy in the field of pronunciation of vowel sounds of the Russian language islaw of reduction (weakened articulation) of all unstressed vowels.

In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced in full accordance with the phonetic norm. All unstressed vowels are pronounced with weakened articulation, less clearly and for a long time, and sometimes are even replaced by other vowels, also reduced. Thus, the vowels A and O at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]:ravine- [a] enemy, autonomy - [a]vt[a]nomia, milk - Mol[a]ko.

In the remaining unstressed syllables (i.e., in all unstressed syllables except the first pre-stressed one), in place of the letters O and A after hard consonants, a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which different positions ranges from a pronunciation close to [s] to a pronunciation close to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is designated as [ъ]. For example: head - g[a]lova, watchman - store [b]zh.

Akanye (i.e., non-distinction in unstressed syllables of sounds conveyed by the letters O and A) is bright distinctive feature Russian literary pronunciation. Pronunciation different from the literary one is found in territorial dialects (dialects). Thus, in Northern Russian dialects it is possible to use the sound [o] in unstressed syllables (in this case, the pronunciation coincides with the spelling of the letter O). This pronunciation is called okanye.

Difficult cases vowel pronunciation sounds

Pronunciation [o] without qualitative reduction

In the modern Russian literary language, cases are possible when, in place of the unstressed vowel O, it is pronounced not [a], but [o]. This applies to the pronunciation of some foreign words.

Borrowed words, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. One of these features is the preservation of the sound [o] in unstressed syllables in pronunciation.

In the pre-shock position the sound[O] is preserved, for example, in words such asf[o]ye, p[o]et, [o]asis, d[o]e, and in foreign proper names: F[o]ber, Sh[o]pen. The same pronunciation [o] can also be observed in stressed syllables:kaka[O], radi[o], three[o]. However, most of the borrowed vocabulary, which is words firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, is subject to general pronunciation rules[O] and [a] in unstressed syllables:r[a]man(novel), b[a]cal(wineglass), suit(costume), r[a]yal(piano), office(cabinet), [a]rator(speaker), etc.

Pronunciation of sounds in place of the letters E and Z in pre-stressed syllables

The letters E and I in a pre-stressed syllable indicate a sound intermediate between[e] and [and] . Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - P[ And uh ]okay, feather - P[ And uh ]ro.

Choosing a stressed vowel in place of the letters E and E after soft consonants

The pronunciation of the vowel sounds [e] and [o], indicated by the letters E and E after soft consonants, sometimes causes difficulty, since usually in print and in writing the letter E is depicted without dots. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel after soft consonants in place of the letters E and E has to be memorized. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:

E["e] Yo["o]

SCAM maneuvers

being newborn

guardianship sharp

sedentary solvent

Pronunciation of consonants sounds

Basic laws of consonant pronunciation

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word (for example:bread - bread[n], garden- sa[t], dividend - dividend[t]). This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech.

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants or voiceless and voiced, the first of them is likened to the second, i.e. Either the first sound is deafened (for example:cork - pro[p]ka, leg - but[sh]ka), or its voicing (for example:change - [h]dacha, ruin - [z] destroy). Before the consonants [l], [m], [n], [p] and [v] there is no assimilation. Words are pronounced as they are written:sve[tl] O, [sw] dig.

Pronunciation of the sound in place of the letter G

In place of the letter G, different sounds can be pronounced: [k], [g], [y], [x] or [v]. The choice of sound depends on its position in the word and the influence of neighboring sounds.

[To] pronounced at the end of a word, for example:lay down - le[k], threshold - poro[k], meadow - onion]

[G] A voiced plosive consonant is pronounced in front of vowels and voiced consonants, for example:But[G] A , behind[G] cash,[G] valt

[X] pronounced in combinations of GC and GC, for example:soft - me[hk] O , easier - le[khch] e, and in the word God - Bo[X]

Letter G

[γ] The fricative back-lingual consonant is part of dialect speech and is characteristic of southern Russian dialects. In a literary language, it is permissible in a few words of Old Slavonic origin:God- bo[γ]a, God - [γ] God bless - bla[γ]o - and derivatives from them

[V] pronounced in endings-wow, -him(For example: red - red[in, first - first[in]oh, he has - have not[V] O), and also in the word Today - se[V] alone.

Pronunciation of combinations CHN and CHT

There are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words with the combination of CNs.

CHN is pronounced [chn] in most words of the Russian language. This especially applies to words of book origin.(greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past(camouflage, landing).

CHN is pronounced [shn] in the following words:of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, laundry, mustard plaster and some others, as well as in female patronymics on-ichna (Lukinichna, Fominichna).

Some words with the combination CN in the modern Russian literary language have pronunciation options:bakery And bulo[sh]aya(obsolete), kopeck And kopeck(obsolete).

The combination CHT in modern Russian is pronounced like [sht] in the wordWhat and its derivatives(nothing, something, to, anything and similar), except for the wordsomething [Thu]. In all other cases, the spelling CHT is always pronounced as [cht]:dream, mail, insignificant.

Pronunciation of foreign words with the letter E after a consonant

In most borrowed words, in accordance with the rules of pronunciation, the consonants before E are softened:ka[T"] no , pa[T"] ephon,[With"] eria,[R"] ektor.

Always before E the back lingual consonants G, K,X: pa[To"] no,[G"] Duke, s[X"] ema. The sound [l] is also usually pronounced softly in this position:[l"] eat, mo[l"] ekula, ba[l"] no and so on.

However, in a number of words of foreign origin, the firmness of the consonants before E is preserved: o[t]el,co[d] ex, biz[n] eu,[T] eats, boo[T] erbrod, svi[T] er and etc.

In some words of foreign origin, the consonant before the letter E can be pronounced in two ways. Thus, a variant pronunciation should be considered the pronunciation of soft and hard consonants in wordscongress - Kong[R] ess And Kong[R"] ess, consensus - con[With] ensus And con[With"] ensus. There are also two pronunciation options for wordsgangster, depression, management, manager, pace, dean, dean's office, pool, crater, terror, terrorist. In many such cases, the hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and the soft pronunciation of the consonant is preferable: [t"]emp,[d"] ekan etc.

In some cases, a violation of spelling norms occurs as a result of the insertion of an extra vowel or consonant sound into a word.

Pay attention to the correct pronunciation and spelling of the following words:

Unprecedented n[b]yuan

The future one will slip

Derma[n]tin on [d]slap

Wild[o]image precedent[n]dent

Thirsty extreme

Compromise legal[t]consultation

Competitive[n]capable in[e]rebrenik

establish[n]establishment

Remember standard pronunciation of these words.

Consonant Consonant

pronounced softly: pronounced firmly

academy [de] antithesis [te]

devaluation [de] genesis [ne]

decade [de] dispensary [se]

demon [de] interview [te]

cream [re] cottage [te]

coffee [fe] lottery [te]

museum [ze] mayonnaise [ne]

Odessa [de] hotel [te]

patent [te] pathetic [te]

pioneer [not] service [se]

press [re] thesis [te]

press conference [re] timbre [te]

press secretary [re] trend [te, de]

session [se] dash [re]

topic [te] phonetics [ne]

tenor [te] highway [se]

term [te] eczema [ze]

overcoat [not] external [te]

jurisprudence [de] esthete [te]

Please pay attention to the hardness or softness of the consonant before the vowel indicated by the letter E.

[de]

adequate

[te]

antithesis

[de], [te]

detective

[pe]

chapel

[le]

collegium

[re]

cream

[te]

criterion

[te]

computer

[those]

patent

[Not]

overcoat

Stress norms

Among orthoepic norms, a special place is occupied by norms related to the correct placement of stress in words.

Accent - this is the selection of one of the syllables in a word by strengthening the voice. Mastering correct stress is associated with a number of difficulties, explained by its peculiarities in the Russian language.

The first feature of Russian stress is that the stress in Russian words is not attached to a specific syllable in the word (as, for example, in other languages: in French it falls on the last syllable of the word, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech and Hungarian - on the first). This stress is calledfree, it can be on any syllable of the word: the first(will, city, sharp), second (freedom, nature, write, beautiful), third (young, milk, watchmaker) etc.

The second feature of the Russian accent is itsmobility, the ability to change its place depending on the form of the word. For example, verbunderstand in the indefinite form has stress on the second syllable, in the past tense in masculine it moves to the first syllable -Understood, and in the feminine gender - to the last -Understood". There are many such words with shifting stress in the Russian language. Typically, stress transfer is associated with the use of a certain grammatical form.

Something to remember words with fixed stress:

hospital - they were hospitalized; soil - soils; quart"l - quart"ly; matchmaker - matchmaker.

The third feature of the Russian accent is itsvariability over time. In the works of Krylov, Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov you will find many words with a completely different emphasis than now. Compare:

The bright light of the day went out;

The evening fog fell on the blue sea (A. Pushkin).

We old people don't dance anymore,

Music and thunder does not call us (A. Pushkin).

Words ghost, symbol, autograph, bus, agent, agony, epigraph, plowing, disarm, shop, case and many others inXIXcentury had a different emphasis.

The process of changing stress continues in our time. As a result of this process, some words have two stress options. Word variants that differ in stress placement can be equal or unequal.

Equal options equally correct and normative:a loop - loop", ba" rust - barge, tvo "horn - cottage cheese "g, te" butterflies - meatballs. There are few such equal options in modern Russian.

Unequal options There are two types. In the first case, one option is recognized as the main, preferable one, and the second is assessed as additional, less desirable, but still within the bounds of the literary language. These acceptable options are used colloquially or are obsolete. For example:kulina "riya"- additional cookery"I(colloquial) gave- additional gave(colloquial); Ukrainian- additional Ukrainian(obsolete), industry- additional industry(obsolete), gathered- additional got ready"(obsolete).

It should be borne in mind that words with a colloquial accent are unacceptable in official speech and formal communication situations. Compare, for example, optionsagreements, agreements (lit., used in various communication situations) andbefore "agreement, agreement" (colloquial, unacceptable in official speech).

The second type of unequal options concerns cases when one option is literary, standardized, and the second is outside the literary norm. Non-literary (irregular) accents are colloquial and slang variants. For example:document - document(simple) quarter - quarter(simple) begin - begin(simple).

The category of non-literary includes variants in which a specific emphasis is traditionally accepted only in some narrow professional environment. In any other situation, such options are perceived as a mistake. For example:spark - spark"(from engineers) epilepsy - epilepsy(at doctors) compass - compass(for sailors) chassis" - chassis(for pilots).

Stress in the Russian language in some cases has a semantic-distinguishing function. Wed:armor - securing someone. for someone, as well as a document for such assignment (reservation for a train ticket);armor" - durable protective shell (tank armor) orlock - palace and fortress of the feudal lord (medieval castle);lock - a device for locking something. key (door lock). Wed. Also:language - relating to language as a means of human communication and human speech activity;linguistic - relating to a physical organ of a person or animal or to a specific food.

Questions for discussing theoretical material

What is called the norm of a literary language?

List the types of norms of the Russian literary language. What rules does each type of norm govern?

What is included in the concept of “orthoepic norms”? What types of spelling norms exist?

What are the basic laws of pronunciation of vowel sounds?

What are the difficulties in pronouncing vowel sounds?

What are the basic laws of pronunciation of consonants?

What causes difficulties in pronouncing consonants?

What dialectal features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants do not correspond to literary norms?

What is an accent?

10. What are the features of Russian accent?

11.What is the role of stress in a word?

12.What are the possible variants of words that differ in stress placement?

13.What are equal and unequal stress options? What stress options are outside the literary norm?

Target lectures - give a description of the basic norms of literary pronunciation in the Russian language.

1. The concept of orthoepy. The subject of orthoepy. The meaning of literary pronunciation.

2. Historical background Russian literary pronunciation.

3. Pronunciation styles. Variants of literary pronunciation norms.

4. Modern spelling standards:

a) in the area of ​​vowel pronunciation;

b) norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations;

c) pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms;

d) features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. The subject of orthoepy. The meaning of literary pronunciation

Orthoepy (Greek orthos “correct” and epos “speech”) is a set of literary language norms associated with the pronunciation of sounds and their combinations; Orthoepy is also called a branch of the science of language that studies the functioning of pronunciation norms and establishes rules for their use.

Traditionally, orthoepy includes all pronunciation norms (such as the composition of phonemes, their implementation in various positions, the phonemic composition of individual morphemes) and stress norms. With a broader understanding of orthoepy, it also includes the norms for the formation of individual grammatical forms. M.V. Panov believes that it is more expedient to consider in orthoepy only those cases when variants of the sound realization of a phoneme arise. For example, some say dvo[ch’n’]ik, others say dvo[sh’]ik, and orthoepy should give recommendations for correct use. In this way, the researcher believes, orthoepy differs from phonetics, which considers regular phonetic changes in sounds in the stream of speech. So, for example, phonetics, and not orthoepy, should be treated, from the point of view of M.V. Panov, norms for the pronunciation of voiceless consonants at the end of a word, labialization of consonants before [o], [u], since, for example, the pronunciation of the sound [s] in the words frost, thunderstorms knows no exceptions.

In ordinary communication, literary pronunciation is often deviated from. The source of this is often the native dialect (dialectal pronunciation, for example: [g]orod). The reason for a deviation from the norm may also be letter-by-letter reading: intentionally, [h]as especially common in the speech of younger schoolchildren.

Correct, in accordance with the norm, literary pronunciation is one of the components of a literary language and an important indicator of human culture.

2. Historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation and modern tendencies development of pronunciation norms

Standards of exemplary pronunciation developed gradually, along with the formation and development of the national language. The foundations of the literary language (and in particular Russian literary pronunciation) were created primarily on the basis of the Moscow dialect. It is known that the Russian nationality developed in the northeastern part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the center of which was Moscow by the 15th century. The norms established in Moscow began to be transferred to other cultural centers, were assimilated there, layering on local language features and pushing them out. With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation, with its characteristic akan and ekan (and the hiccup that replaced it by the beginning of the 20th century), acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. It became widespread in public speech and gained a foothold on the theater stage. Therefore, the transfer of the capital at the beginning of the 18th century to St. Petersburg, where by that time slightly different rules of pronunciation had developed, did not significantly affect the formation of its norms. In St. Petersburg, Moscow pronunciation underwent only minor changes: the elements of bookish, letter-by-letter reading under the influence of spelling intensified, and some Northern Russian pronunciation features penetrated.

In the development of modern Russian literary pronunciation, the following leading trends currently stand out:

1) strengthening of letter-by-letter “graphic” pronunciation, focusing on written speech;

2) phonetic adaptation of foreign words, Russification of pronunciation in the area of ​​unstressed vowels, hard and soft consonants before e;

3) leveling of pronunciation in social terms, erasing the features of territorial pronunciation.

3. Pronunciation styles

Literary language functions in many of its varieties, which are called styles or types. The concept of pronunciation types was introduced by the followers of L.V. Shcherby. L.V. Shcherba admitted the existence of many varieties in the field of pronunciation, which depend on the communication situation, the content of the statement, and the genre of speech. The same word in different stylistic contexts can change its pronounced appearance. But for reasons of simplicity of description, researchers consider it possible to limit themselves to distinguishing two - complete and incomplete styles.

The full style is characterized by careful articulation, distinct pronunciation of sounds and their combinations. Full pronunciation is used when reading poetic works, when transmitting important messages on radio and television, in lecture speech, and in the speech of teachers. Full style, otherwise called book style. The complete style was fixed in stage speech. In full style, for example, the unstressed vowel [o] in the words poet, sonnet, nocturne will be pronounced without reduction; and the adjectives na -kiy, -hiy – with reduced [ъ].

The incomplete (neutral) style is found in colloquial speech, in semi-formal communication, in casual, friendly conversation and is a more natural speech form for speakers.

Careless, poorly formed speech, speech with sliding articulation is characteristic of common speech.

Pronunciation styles are related and can influence each other. The dominance of the incomplete style leads to the fact that the norms of the complete style begin to be influenced by it and adapt to it. The literary pronunciation norm thus tends to decline.

The presence of several pronunciation styles in orthoepy leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants: for example, in the full style - hello[v]uite, incomplete - hello[st]e, in common parlance - zdra[s’t’]e; and accordingly [s’eych’as], [s’ich’as], [sh’:as].

Pronunciation variants can characterize the “senior” (old) and “younger” (new) norm: bulo[sh]aya - bulo[chn]aya, chetve[r’]g - chetve[r]g.

4. Modern spelling standards

Pronunciation of vowels

The pronunciation of stressed vowels does not require any special comments, since variant pronunciation does not arise in a strong position. Sometimes in colloquial speech the incorrect pronunciation of the sound [o] instead of [e] occurs in the words scam, icy conditions, modern, ridge, guardianship, and, conversely, they mistakenly pronounce [e] instead of [o] in the words hopeless, whitish, faded, maneuvers. If the use of the letter е were more consistent, then such errors would become obsolete.

In the unstressed position in the Russian literary language, vowels are pronounced less clearly, and therefore require certain rules of use.

1. In place of the letters O and A in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants and at the absolute beginning of the word literary norm characterized by akan: zbor, mshina, kra, ptok, bman, rbuz.

After hard sibilants and ts in the first pre-stressed syllable it is pronounced: zhra, send. The Old Moscow pronunciation of the sound [уЭ] has already fallen out of use and is preserved only in individual words and forms: losh[ыE]dey, zh[ыE]let, twenty[ыЭ]ti, to regret[ыЭ]leniye, etc. In other syllables in place of O and A after hard consonants, pronounce [ъ]: ug[ъ]varit, k[ъ]ravai, lap[ъ].

2. In place of the letters I, E, the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants is characterized by hiccups: b[iE]reza, h[iE]sy, m[iE]snoy, r[iE]benok. In other unstressed syllables, [ь] should be pronounced.

3. The vowels I, Y, U in unstressed syllables are pronounced weakened, but the quality does not change. At the place and at the beginning of a word (if in the flow of speech it merges with the previous word into a hard consonant) and in complex words (the first part of which ends with a hard consonant) [s] are pronounced: in [s] waist, house [s] garden, honey [s]institute, state [s]dat.

4. Pronunciation in place of the combinations ao and oo of the 1st and 2nd pre-stressed syllables is usually pronounced: nodnoy, nbum, vbshche, zknom.. At the junction of a preposition and the next word in place of these combinations it sounds: ndnogo, ppisanyu. In such cases, pre-stressed vowels are not compressed into one sound.

In combinations eo and ea of ​​the 2nd and 3rd pre-stressed syllables, in the place o or a, as at the beginning of the word, is pronounced , and in the place e po general rule– reduced front sound after a soft consonant, i.e. [b]: [n"b/\]necessary, [n"b/\]repeatedly, [n"b/\]reasonable.

The combination ei in pre-stressed syllables is pronounced with a reduced front vowel [b] in place of eh: [n, ь] ezbezhny, [n''i] famous, [n, ь] strebimy. Close to the combination ei, the more rare combination ee is pronounced. In a literary language, it is recommended to pronounce this combination of sounds [ььь]: [н "ььь] natural, [н,ььь] unanimously.

In the combinations ao, ou in the 2nd and 3rd pre-stressed syllables, the reduced vowel [ъ] is pronounced in place of o or a: n[у]gad, n[у]chit, n[у]glu. In the combinations uo, ua in the 3rd and 2nd pre-stressed syllables, a vowel is pronounced in place of o or a: [u /\]dnogo, [u /\]city, [u /\]monkey.

Pronunciation of consonants

The pronunciation of the letter g requires special attention.

1. The consonant [g] in the modern Russian literary language is explosive, formed in the same way as the sound [k], but with the participation of the voice: it goes out, riddle, thresholds. Sometimes in oral speech one encounters the pronunciation of the fricative [g] instead of [g]. In Russian this is contrary to the norm. This pronunciation is preserved only in interjections [aha], [g op], [e g e], as well as in onomatopoeia [gaf], in some borrowed words, for example, in the word habitus [gab'itus], and in the word accountant instead of the combination хг is pronounced [g]: [bugalt'р].

In some words, [g] as a result of deafening and subsequent dissimilation before voiceless consonants is pronounced as [x]. This includes all case forms of the words light, soft, as well as derivatives from them - soft-bodied, lightweight, light, softer, soften, ease, softest, lightest, etc.

In the genitive case endings of adjectives and pronouns ending in -ого, -его, as well as in the words today, today, the total is pronounced [в].

2. At the end of the word, in place of voiced paired consonants, the corresponding voiceless consonant is pronounced. Deafening of voiced consonants also occurs before voiceless consonants in the middle of a word.

3. In modern Russian, some hard consonants can be softened in position before soft consonants. The softening of consonants inside the root, as well as at the junction of the root and the suffix, is especially noticeable; it is less developed at the junction of the prefix and the root, and at the junction of the preposition and the following word it is sometimes absent altogether. Usually, dental consonants [s], [z], [n] are softened before soft dental ones: [s't']eklo, pu[s't']it, [z'd']eshny, rec[n'z' ]iya, pe[n's']iya. The consonant [n], in addition, softens before [h’] and [sh’:]: vago[n’]chik, woman[n’]shchina, go[n’]shchik.

Fluctuations in pronunciation are observed when [s] and [z] act as the final sounds of a prefix or preceding preposition: pour[z]lit and pour[z’]lit, [s]lit and [s’]lit.

The pronunciation of hard [d] and [t] before the subsequent soft [n] at the junction of the root and the suffix (spu[t]nik, le[d]nik) replaces the currently recommended pronunciation of soft [d] and [t]: for[ d']niy, satellite[t']nik, le[d']nik.

Dental consonants [t], [d], [s], [z] before soft labials [p'], [b'], [v'], [F'], [m'] can also appear in hard and soft version. Pronounced: ch[t’]ver and th[t]ver, ve[t’]vi and ve[t]vi, [z’]ver and [z]ver, [s’]mely and [s]mely. True, the pronunciation of soft consonants is already becoming outdated. In words starting with -ism, the consonant [z] is pronounced firmly: social[z]m, capital[z]m.

Labials [b], [p], [m], [v], [f] before soft labials are pronounced without softening (unlike the old Moscow norms): lyu[b]vi, [v]bit. Now the labial consonants do not soften even before the soft [k]: shaking[p]ki, de[f]ki..

The hard consonants of the previous word should not soften before the vowel [e] of the next word if in pronunciation they merge into one phonetic word: in these, with enthusiasm.

Before [j], all consonants, except [w] and [z], are pronounced softly: sons [son/\в’ja], drink, beat, old stuff. Before [j], the consonants at the end of prefixes are usually pronounced firmly: o[b]appearance, po[d]em, po[b]om.

However, in prefixes with s and z these consonants can be softened: ra[z]explain and ra[z’]explain, ra[z]ezhaets’ and ra[z’]ezhaets’.

Pronunciation in individual grammatical forms

In the nominative case of plural nouns, the unstressed ending -a is pronounced as [ъ]: [онъ], [п’атнъ] and so on. The pronunciation in this case [ы] - [windows], [p'atny] - is unacceptable.

Nouns that have an unstressed ending -ya in the accusative plural case are pronounced with the final: lis [t’jъ], kolo[s’jъ], clo[h’jъ]. Masculine adjectives na -kiy, -giy, -hiy, in accordance with old Moscow norms, were pronounced with hard [k], [g], [x] and with a reduced vowel after them: shiro[ky], stro[gy], ti [hey]. Also (in accordance with the old norms) surnames were pronounced in -Sky: Zhukov[sky], Belin[sky]. Nowadays this pronunciation is preserved only among representatives of the older generation and on stage. In modern speech, under the influence of writing, pronunciation with soft [g], [k], [x] has become widespread: tone[k’i]y, stro[g’i]y, muy.

In the verbs na -nod, -givat, -hivat according to the Old Moscow norm, as well as in adjectives with [k], [g], [x], a firm pronunciation of back-lingual consonants was adopted. So, the words pull out, stretch, swing were pronounced as pull[k]vat, spread[kh]vat, stretch[g]vat. In modern literary language, the pronunciation of the indicated verbal endings with soft [k'], [g'], [x'] has become widespread: pull out [k'i]vat, stretch [g'i]vat, spread [x'i]vat .

The unstressed ending of the 3rd person plural of verbs of the 2nd conjugation -am, -yat, according to the Old Moscow norm, was pronounced as -ut, -yut: [breathe], [mean'ut], [tash':ut], [khval'ut ], [voz'ut]. According to the modern orthoepic norm unstressed endings these verbs are pronounced with a reduced sound [ъ]: [breathe], [mean’ът], [tash’:ът], [voz’т].

In the reflexive form of verbs and gerunds in the Old Moscow pronunciation it sounded [s]: battle [s], my [s], stayed [s], threw [s]. This norm has now been preserved only in stage pronunciation. In living speech, the pronunciation of soft [s’] is becoming increasingly widespread: mine [s’], collected [s’].

Peculiarities of pronunciation of borrowed words

Most foreign words that have entered the common language have already been phonetically mastered by the Russian language, and their pronunciation is no different from native Russian words. However, some of them - technical terms, words of science, culture, politics, proper names - still stand out in their pronunciation.

In a number of words of foreign language origin, the clear unreduced sound [o] is retained in the first and second pre-stressed syllables: b[o]a, b[o]mond, b[o]rdo, k[o]kteil, [o]asis, [o ]tel, d[o]sier, b[o]lero. The vowel [o] is pronounced in some words in a post-stressed position: vet[o], cred[o], advice[o], radi[o], kaka[o], ha[o]s.

The unreduced sound [o] is preserved in an unstressed position in many foreign proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, 3[o]lya, Sh[o]pen, M[o]passan, etc. However, in such cases relatively little. In most words of foreign language origin, o and a in unstressed position are pronounced in accordance with general norms, i.e. somewhat weakened, with reduction: [b/\]kal, [b/\]ston, [k/\]ntsert, [b/\]tanika, [k/\]stum, [pr/\]gress, yal.

In words that have become firmly established in the Russian language, the consonants before the letter E are pronounced softly. It is incorrect to pronounce hard consonants before E in words such as affect, pool, beret, concrete, correct, coffee, museum, Odessa, pioneer, professor, theme, plywood, effect. However, in a number of cases, the pronunciation of hard consonants is still noted before E. This norm applies primarily to dental consonants [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [r].

Hard [t] is pronounced in words such as adap[te]r, an[te]nna, anti[te]za, a[te]ism, a[te]lie, bifsh[te]ks, o[te] l, s[te]nd, es[te]tika, etc.

In a number geographical names and proper names should also be pronounced with a hard [t]: Ams[te]rdam, Gwa[te]mala, Vol[te]r. The pronunciation of the hard [t] in the foreign language prefix -inter is preserved: internationalism, in[te]rview, interpretation. Hard [d] is pronounced in the words: vun[de]rkind, [de]kolte, [de]lta, [de]ndi, ko[de]ks, core[de]ballet, mo[de]rn, [de] -jure, [de]-facto, mo[de]l, etc.

In difficult cases, you should consult spelling dictionaries.

Literature

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation: Textbook. allowance. –M., 1984.

2. Bogomazov G. M. Modern Russian literary language. Phonetics. – M., 2001.

3. Valgina N.S. Active processes in modern Russian language. – M., 2001.

4. Verbitskaya L.A. Let's speak correctly: Tutorial. – M., 2003.

5. Grigorieva T.M. Russian language: Orthoepy. Graphic arts. Spelling. History and modernity: Textbook. allowance. – M., 2004.

6. Orthoepic Dictionary: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. – M., 1983.

7. Modern Russian literary language. Theory. Analysis of linguistic units / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M., 2001.

8. Shcherba L.V. ABOUT different styles in pronunciation and the ideal phonetic composition of words // Selected works on the Russian language. – M., 1957.

Control questions

1. What does orthoepy study?

2. When and on what basis did the pronunciation norms of the Russian literary language develop?

3. What styles (types) of pronunciation differ in Russian?

4. What causes the presence of pronunciation variants in a language?