Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and socially accepted rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for a literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.

It is customary to distinguish between different spelling norms: “senior” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation of bulo[sh]aya, myag[ky], [z`v`]er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo[chn]aya, soft[k`y], [zv`]vr.

The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of the unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]net, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing the unstressed sound [o] with the sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]net, n[a]cturn.

The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the pronunciation features of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which presents 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.

To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; spelling of individual grammatical forms; spelling of borrowed words.

Norms of orthoepy. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. a language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers; it is needed to overcome linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other differences in language, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (v[o]du - v[a]da, t[o]chit - t[a]chit); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m[ya]so - m[i]snoy, v[yo]l - v[i]la, l[e]z - get in); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to voiceless (du[b]y - du[p], moro[z]y - moro[s]). The same exchange of voiced for voiceless occurs before voiceless consonants (ru[b]it - ru[p]ka, slide - how much [s]ko), and voiceless consonants change to voiced before voiced ones (ko[s]it - goat, molo [t]it - young [d]ba). Phonetics studies these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. Thus, in words of foreign language origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires hard pronunciation (for example, [de]kada, [te]mp), sometimes soft (for example, [d] "e]claration, [t"e]perament, mu[z"e]y). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch"n], cf. bulo[ch"n]aya and bulo[sh]aya, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to say kone[sh"o, and not kone[h"n]o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: correctly pronounce document, not document, started, not started, zvont, not zvnit, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. This is how it happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (i.e. we would now pronounce in [o]da, and not in [a]da), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakanye” (i.e. we would speak in [l "a]su, and not in [l "i]su). Orthoepic rules prevent errors in pronunciation and cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “yakayat”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south - “akayat” and “yakayat” (they say v[a] ]da, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but is consciously mastering literary pronunciation, may encounter in his speech pronunciation features characteristic of the local dialect, which he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce in its place a voiced [x] (a sound denoted in transcription by the sign [g]). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are a violation of norms only in the system of a literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More details in the specified source

The term “orthoepy” is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of words: norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (spelling rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which promotes fast and easy linguistic communication. The rules of orthoepy have a long history and usually emerge as language norms late, when various forms of public speech develop and their relative importance increases. oral speech in the life of society. Theater, which preserved the norms of orthoepy in its purest form, was of great importance in the development of literary pronunciation. Stage speech in many languages is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound cinema, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features back in the first half of the 17th century as norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; Only some private rules have changed.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy(Greek orthos correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called a set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is of great importance. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. Therefore the social role correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.

Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.

Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound; they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction.

The vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: ravine –[a] enemy, autonomy –[a] w[a] nomiya, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.

In the remaining unstressed syllables, i.e. in all unstressed syllables, except the first prestressed one, in place of the letter oka after hard consonants a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which different positions ranges from a pronunciation close to [s] to a pronunciation close to [a). Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [ъ]. For example: head – g[b]lova, side - st[b]rona, Expensive - d[b] horny, city - gor[ъ]d, watchman - side [ъ] g.

Letters e And I in a pre-stressed syllable they denote a sound intermediate between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - p[i e ] so, feather - p[i e] ro.

The vowel [and] after a hard consonant, preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one is pronounced as [s]: medical school – medical institute from a spark - from[s] hidden, laughter and grief - laughter[s] grief. If there is a pause, [i] does not transform into [s]: laughter and grief.

The absence of vowel reduction interferes with the normal perception of speech, since it reflects not the literary norm, but dialectal features. So, for example, the letter-by-letter (unreduced) pronunciation of the word [milk] is perceived by us as a voicing, and the replacement of unstressed vowels with [a] without reduction - [malako] - as a strong akan.

Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws of consonant pronunciation - stun And assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[n] – bread, sa[t] – garden, smo[k] – could, any[f"] – Love etc. This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be taken into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired unvoiced sound [k]: le[k] – lay down, poro[k] – threshold etc. In this case, pronouncing the sound [x] is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word God - bo[x].

In the position before vowels, sonorant consonants k (v), the sound [g] is pronounced as a voiced plosive consonant. Only in a few words, Old Church Slavonic in origin - bo [γ] a, [γ] lord, blah [γ] o, bo [γ] aty and derivatives from them, the fricative velar consonant [γ] sounds. Moreover, in modern literary pronunciation and in these words, [γ] is replaced by [g]. It is most stable in the word [γ] Lord,

[G] pronounced as [x] in combination gk And gh: le[hk"] – ii – easy, le[hk] o – easily.

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants (as well as voiceless and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second.

You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.

According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn This is usually pronounced [chn], especially for words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing).

Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn currently required in female patronymics on – ichna: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, and is also preserved in separate words: horse[shn]o, pere[shn]itsa, laundry[shn]aya, empty[shn]y, skvore [sh]ik, ya[sh]itsa, etc.

Some words with combination chn in accordance with the norm, they are pronounced in two ways: order [shn] o and order [chn] o. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: heart [chn] – th blow – heart [sh] friend.

Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of the sound [o] is preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] azis, [o] tel) and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s[te] nd, ko[de] ks, cough [ne]). In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t"] et, pa[t"] ephon, faculty[t"] et, mu[z"] her, [p"] ector, pio[n" ] er. The back-lingual consonants are always softened before [e]: pa[k"] et, [k"] egli, s[x"] ema, ba[g"] et.

A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R.I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in particular, in the one-volume “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova.

Municipal educational institution Novo-Usmanovskaya secondary school

Russian language lesson in 10th grade in order to prepare for the Unified State Exam.

SPELLING NORS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Subject

"Basic norms of modern literary

pronunciation and stress in Russian"

prepared

teacher of Russian language and literature

Mingalimova Ramzia Mudaristovna

year 2009

Goals:

1. Restore in the students’ memory the basic norms of correct literary speech; pay attention to current problems of the state of modern language.

2. Use specific examples to practice spelling, lexical, grammatical, and stylistic pronunciation norms; promote the development of oral communication skills.

3. To instill in students a caring attitude towards language and an aesthetic linguistic ideal.

Equipment: test tasks, cards, spelling dictionaries.

Location of the lesson. Computer class.

During the classes.

1 Organizational moment. (Students enter the class using “passes” - cards with words for correct pronunciation.

2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

3. Checking homework (Several students work at computers with simulators for various spellings, and two students at the blackboard perform phonetic analysis of the word)

4. Work on the topic.

5. Preliminary research a group of students according to the orthoepic norms of the language.

Motivation.

Teacher's word:

Let us pay attention to the statement of K. S. Gorbachevich, which will serve as an epigraph to today’s lesson:

It is difficult to overestimate the role of literary pronunciation - one of the important indicators of general cultural level modern man. The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling.

K.S.Gorbachevich

Work on the topic of the lesson.

A) Frontal survey.

What does orthoepy study? The term “orthoepy” is used in linguistics in two meanings:

1) a set of norms of a literary language related to the sound design of significant units: norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, norms of stress and intonation;

2) a science that studies the variation in pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).

Educational complexes define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first meaning. Thus, according to these complexes, all pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: the implementation of vowels in unstressed syllables, deafening/voicing of consonants in certain positions, softness of a consonant before a consonant, etc.

What is called the orthoepic norm?

The pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and grammatical forms is subject to certain rules. These rules are called orthoepic norms.

What spelling norms do you know?

Students. Orthoepic norms are a complex phenomenon. Basic orthoepic rules - norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation can be divided into those that determine the pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress) and the pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms).

– Some students have conducted research on the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, and individual words, and today they will introduce everyone to the rules that they have developed.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds.

1. The strong position for vowels is the position under stress. In an unstressed position, vowels undergo a change (qualitative or quantitative), i.e. are reduced.

Attention should be paid to difficult cases of reduction. After hissing [zh] and [sh] and the sound [ts], the unstressed vowel [a] is pronounced like a short [a]: jargon, kings. But before soft consonants - like the sound [ые]: regret, thirty. In rare cases, [ые] is also pronounced before hard consonants: rye, jasmine.

2. After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters a, e, i, the sound [ie] is pronounced: hours. This is called "hiccupping". It is found in neutral and colloquial styles. “Ekanye” (pronunciation of the sound [ei] in a given phonetic position characterizes stage speech: v[ei]nets, t[ei]rnovy. The pronunciation of h[i]sy is outdated, h[a]sy is dialectal.

3. The consonants c, zh, sh are hard sounds, after them the letters are in place and pronounced [s]: revolution[s]ya, zh[y]zn, sh[y]ry.

4. In a few words of foreign language origin that have not been completely assimilated into the Russian language, in place of the letter o, in contrast to the Russian orthoepic norm, a weakened [o] is pronounced in an unstressed position, i.e. without reduction: radi[o]. A too distinct [o] is perceived as mannered; on the other hand, a distinct pronunciation of [o] in “Russified” book words (sonata, short story) is also not desirable, because gives the pronunciation a vernacular tone.

5. The letter е was proposed to be used by the Russian historian N.M. Karamzin, simplifying the complex pattern that previously existed in the alphabet of the letter. However, we can now find the letter ё only in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying the Russian language. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. You should pay attention to words in which the vowel [o], designated by the letter ё, is sometimes mistakenly replaced with a stressed [e], whitish, maneuvers are pronounced as whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, the shock [e] is mistakenly replaced with [o] ё: grenadier, scam is pronounced as grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not normative. Pronunciation of consonants

1. Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before voiceless consonants are deafened: arbu[s], pre[t]prednie.

2. In masculine nouns in -ism, the consonant [z] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when the final consonant in D.p. is softened. and pp.: under capitalism.

3. The consonant [g] can be pronounced as [g] - year, [k] - enemy, [?] - Lord, [x] - God, [v] - whom.

4. The sound [?] within the modern literary norm is pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation [g]gospod, a[g]a, o[g]o can be considered a variant of the norm.

5. In the Russian language there is a tendency towards adaptability of the sound appearance of borrowed words with e after a hard consonant; many such words have “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa.

But a number of words retain a solid consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Variant pronunciation is allowed: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.

6. According to Old Moscow norms, the spelling combination chn was pronounced as [shn]. Currently, [shn] is preserved in the words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, and in female patronymics in -ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna.

In a number of words, double pronunciation is allowed: bulo [chn]naya and bulo[sh]naya, although the latter is becoming outdated.

7. According to the “older” norm, the combination cht was pronounced as [pcs] in the word that and words derived from it: nothing, something, etc.

Currently, this rule is preserved for all specified words, except something [w]. In all other words, the spelling cht is always pronounced as [cht]: mail, dream.

8. The combination of zhd in the word rain and its derivatives was pronounced according to the “senior” norm as [zh"zh"] (at the end of the word - [sh"sh"]). Modern pronunciation [zhd"] (at the end of the word - [pcs"]) is assessed as a variant of the literary norm.

9. According to the “older” norm, the spelling combinations zzh and zhzh (yeast, later) were pronounced as [zh"zh"] - a long and soft hissing. Currently, in place of zzh and zhzh, a hard hissing [zhzh] is pronounced. And this pronunciation is assessed as a variant of the literary norm

In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R.I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language.

The pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e in borrowed words is regulated separately for each word of this type. So, one should pronounce k[r"]em, [t"]ermin, mu[z"]ey, shi[n"]el, but fo[ne]tika, [te]nnis, sw[te]r; In a number of words, variable pronunciation is possible, for example: prog[r]ess and prog[r"]ess.

The pronunciation of combinations of cht and chn in individual words as [pcs] and [shn] is also specified by the list. So, with [sht] the words are pronounced that, so that, with [sh] - words of course, boring, in a number of words variable pronunciation is acceptable, for example, dvo[ch"n"]ik and dvo[sh"]ik, bulo[h "n]aya and bul[sh]naya.

As already mentioned, in the speech of some people, mainly the older generation, there is a long soft consonant sound [zh "], which is pronounced in individual words in place of combinations of the letters zhzh, zzh, zhd: yeast, reins, ride, rains: [trembling" i], [vozh"i], [th"ezh"u], [sales"i]. In the speech of people of the younger generation, in place of the combinations zhzh and zzh the sound [zh] = [zhzh] ([trembling], [th "ezhu]) can be pronounced, in place of the combination zhd in the word rains - [zhzh"] (thus, with stunning in the word rain we have pronunciation options [dosch"] and [dosht"]).

In the speech of all speakers of the modern Russian language, [n] is successively replaced with [n"] before [ch"] and [sch"]: drum [drumában"ch"ik], drummer [drumában"sch"ik]. In other groups consonant softening either does not occur at all (for example, benches [lafk"i]), or it is presented in the speech of some native speakers and is absent in the speech of others. At the same time, the representation of positional mitigation in different groups consonants are different. Thus, in the speech of many speakers there is a positional softening [s] before [n"] and [t"], [z] before [n"] and [d"]: bone [kos "t"], song [p"es "n"a], life [zhyz"n"], nails [gvoz"d"i], softening of the first consonant in the combinations [zv"], [dv"], [sv"], [zl"], [ sl"], [sy"] and some others are more the exception than the rule (for example: door [dv"er"] and [d"v"er"], eat [sy"em] and [s"y"em] , if [th "esl"i] and [th "esl"i]).

The appearance of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century. they said a[n"]gel, tse[r"]kov, ve[r"x], per[r"]vy. And even now in the speech of older people one can often find such pronunciation. The hard pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle -sya (s) (laughed [s]a, met [s]) very quickly disappears from the literary language. At the beginning of the 20th century. this was the norm of the literary language, just like the hard sounds [g, k, x] in the adjectives na -kiy, -giy, -hiy and in the verbs na -nod, -givat, -hivat. The words tall, strict, dilapidated, jump up, jump up, shake off were pronounced as if they were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, jump up. Then the norm began to allow both options - the old and the new: the dare[s]a and the dare[s"]ya, and the str[g]iy str[g"]iy. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - the younger.

Teacher's conclusion.

Which dictionary can you turn to if you have difficulty pronouncing a word?

Relaxation: Starting position - standing, arms forward, look at your fingertips, raise your arms up (inhale), follow your hands with your eyes without raising your head, lower your arms, exhale. Repeat 3 times.

Working with the “Orthoepic norms” simulator.

In fact, the list of these words is much longer. In case of difficulty, you need to refer to the spelling dictionary. Such common words often appear in our everyday speech.

Research work.

Working with exercises:

Place accents in words using a spelling dictionary. Formulate the rule that governs the placement of stress in these words.

Pipeline, gas pipeline, water supply, garbage chute, oil pipeline. (Rule: in words ending in -wire, the stress falls on the last syllable).

Philologist, psychologist, catalogue, epilogue, prologue. (Rule: if the noun is animate, then the stress falls on the middle of the word).

Dumbness, deafness, yawning, stuffiness, beauty, drowsiness, aches. (Rule: in nouns formed from verbs, the stress falls on –ot-, those formed from adjectives - on the ending.

Dumbness - dumb, deafness - deaf, stuffiness - stuffy, beauty - beautiful;

Yawning - yawning, dozing - dozing, aching - breaking.)

(After checking each task from this block, the rule is written down in notebooks).

Performing exercises 50, 51, 52. In case of difficulties, students turn to the school spelling dictionary or appendix 1 of the textbook. Exercise 50 is done in writing.

Alphabet, hyphen, quarter, kitchen, meager, orphans, convocation, Statue, phenomenon, expert, flounder, pantry, silo, joiner, prettier, beets, sorrel, he calls, corrugate, pamper, cork.

The words of exercises 51, 52 are read out loud in a chain, everyone monitors the correct pronunciation and makes corrections if necessary.

Exercise 51.

Calling - calling, calling, calling, calling; pour - poured, naughty, poured, poured; take - took, took, took, took; spin - spun, spun, spun, spun; call - called, called, called, called; drive - drove, drove, drove, drove; wait - waited, waited, waited, waited; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; begin - began, beginning, beginning, began; come to life - come to life, come to life, come to life, come to life; understand - understood, understood, understood, understood; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.

Exercise 52 (words are transcribed)

Lesson summary. 1) conversation on the following issues:

What is an orthoepic norm and why is it needed?

What should we do to ensure that our speech is correct, clear, and understandable to others?

It will be the greatest crime before culture, before our Motherland, before humanity if we do not take care of our language and allow ourselves to distort it.

K. G. Paustovsky.

2) grading.

Homework:

Write an essay-discussion on the topic “Why is orthoepy needed?”

Review everything learned on the topic “Orthoepy”;

Introduction

1. Orthoepy as a science

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

3. Variation of stress (accentological aspect)

4. Accentological options

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation modern trends Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies make it possible to study this topic using new approaches.

The historical development of orthoepy, as one of the areas of linguistics, allows us to look for an answer to long-existing expressions (their correctness and incorrectness of pronunciation).

The invasion of Rus' by enemies was the cause of drastic changes in the pronunciation and spelling of words and phrases. Much during the historical period of development was erased by time and irrelevant; Russian reforms made it possible to more actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.

Modern Russian language, which has a long history historical background should reflect both words from European languages and a historical background.

The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also determine what problems these disciplines study.

1. Orthoepy as a science

Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation norms (i.e., spelling rules), and the oral form is subject to pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

The word orthoepy - Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both a set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the study of the norms of oral speech: the rules of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, the patterns of stress placement.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level of a modern person. “The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener’s attention from the content of the statement, thereby complicating the exchange of information... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people "

It is especially important to disseminate correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples of Russia and one of the international languages of our time.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, and regular radio and television broadcasts. However, the central figure in the dissemination of spelling skills was and remains the school teacher. Therefore, a student at a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine in which direction the language norm is developing in the field of stress and pronunciation, and be able to distinguish variants of the norm from non-normative, incorrect pronunciation.

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

Russian literary pronunciation developed gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, therefore the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm was finally formed by the end of the 19th century. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.

By the second half of the 19th century. Petersburg pronunciation also formed. If Moscow pronunciation was based on characteristic features living folk language and was supported by theatrical tradition (the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation was the Maly Theater), then St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of writing features in oral speech, bookishness, and “literalism.” In addition, the St. Petersburg pronunciation was affected by some features of the Northern Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekanye. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater and did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the influence on oral literary speech of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers, like Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, there were pronunciation variations, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of spelling norms.

After October, a change in the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia caused a temporary weakening of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture they gradually acquired the pronunciation norms of the literary language. Currently, orthoepic norms have become more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation variants has decreased. All kinds of pronunciation “idioms” have disappeared or are gradually disappearing, that is, special pronunciation of individual words or their forms that do not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This happened due to the loss of many specific features of pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.

The result was a convergence of Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When people nowadays talk about the “Moscow norm,” they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It was preserved in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites back in the 20s and 30s. XX century, but in post-war period has undergone extensive processing. Now even Moscow theater actors and radio and television announcers are noticeably moving away from specifically Moscow norms.

Some minor differences in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still remain, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of the pronunciation as a whole: in Moscow hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad ekanye is sometimes still found, cf.: [р'ие]ка and [р 'e]ka, [p'i e]middle and [p'e]middle; in Moscow, assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z"d"e]s, [s"n"a]t; stronger is the reduction of vowels of non-upper rise: [gъл ^ ва], [gorъt].

In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, a rounded pronunciation may still be preserved.

However, these deviations from the literary norm are irregular and generally do not affect modern orthoepy.

Thus, the main pattern of development of pre-modern Russian orthoepics is the elimination of local pronunciation features, the establishment of uniform orthoepic norms for all speakers of the Russian literary language.

The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases becomes closer to writing. This is due to the strengthening of the public role writing under the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily due to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (w) and [z] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, naughty, steps); the pronunciation of soft back-lingual ones before [i] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare away, wave) ; distinction in the pronunciation of the endings of the 3rd person of the plural of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they will say, they are taken out, they lay, they cackle, but they hear, they walk, they praise, they love); reins, yeast, squeal); pronunciation of soft [s"] in the postfix -sya (-s) (decided, took a bath).

3. Variation of holding

(accentological aspect)

The diversity and mobility of the Russian accent create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of the Russian accent make it possible to use it to distinguish between different words (homographs) that have the same spelling: sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ushko (a term of endearment for the word ear) and ushko (hole), atlas (geographical) and atlas ( silk fabric), sharply (sharpen) and sharply (witty), baldly (cut) and baldly (keep the checkers bald), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): the dress wrinkles at the shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), pickaxe (Protestant church) and pickaxe (tool); fells (a lumberjack fells a pine tree) and knocks down (people are falling down the street, smoke is falling, snow is falling); afraid) and cowardly (runs, jogs), submerged (on the platform) and submerged (in the water), etc.

Using the place of stress, grammatical forms of words that coincide in spelling (homoforms) are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); will not shake hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. plural); trim (perfective) - trim (imperfect); load (indicative mood) - load (imperative mood); coat is small (short form of adjective) - slept little (adverb); around (TV of the noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerund); stand freely (adverb, circumstance) - he was free to leave (state category, predicate); it’s tricky to say (adverb, circumstance) - it’s tricky to figure it out (category of state, part of the predicate to figure it out).

Being an important distinctive means, Russian varied and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech and promotes its rhythmic organization. In particular, thanks to the different places of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by its exceptional richness of rhythms and the variety of musical construction of verse.

Orthoepia (from Greek. orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design, the uniformity of which helps facilitate verbal communication.

The peculiarity of orthoepic norms is that they relate to oral speech. Within the framework of orthoepic norms, pronunciation and stress norms are considered.

Let's get acquainted with some pronunciation rules

a) vowel sounds

In unstressed syllables, vowel sounds undergo reduction - qualitative and quantitative changes as a result of weakening articulation. For example: s[a]sna, v[i e ]sna, h[i e ]sy, call[b]v, v[b]lykan, v[b]nut, [a]bladat, zh[a]key , l[y]shadey.

b) consonants

Voiced consonants at the end of words and in their middle before voiceless consonants are deafened, for example: yastre[p], zap[t], tra[f]ka.

In place of voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except V, the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced, for example: [h]run, o[d]throw, v[g]hall.

In some cases, assimilative mitigation is observed, i.e. consonants preceding soft consonants are pronounced softly, for example: [z'd']es, gvo[z'd']i, ka[z'n'], ku[z'n']ets, pe[n' s']iya.

Double consonants are pronounced for a long time as a long consonant sound if the stress falls on the preceding syllable, for example: gru[pp]a, ma[ss]a, program[mm]a. If the stress falls on the subsequent syllable, then double consonants are pronounced without length, for example: a[k]ord, ba[s]ein, gra[m]atica.

Rules for placing stress

1. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the singular indirect cases, for example: bandage - bandage, damn it - damn, tourniquet - tourniquet, umbrella - umbrella, whale - whale, tusk - fang, bucket - bucket, hook - hook, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, flail - flail, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.
2. In the accusative case of the singular, feminine nouns have stress either on the ending or on the root, for example:
- A) tops - tops, spring - spring, gums - gum, ash - ash, pickaxe - pickaxe, hole - hole, sheep - sheep, dew - dew, plow - plow, foot - foot,
- b) mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - winter, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.
3. Some feminine nouns are pronounced with emphasis on the ending when used with prepositions V And on in a circumstantial meaning: in handfuls, on the chest, on the door, in the bones, in the blood, in the night, on the stove, in a connection, in a network, in the steppe, in the shadows, on a chain, in honor.
4. In the genitive plural, the following are pronounced: a) with an accent based on: localities, honors, profits;
b) with an accent on the ending: statements, fortresses, news, stories, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) that follows it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, prepositions take over the emphasis on, for, under, over, from, without, For example:

on the:for the water, for the leg, for the arm, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the wall, for the head, for the side, for the shore, for the year, for the house, for the nose, for the corner, for the ear, for the day, for the night , two, three, six, ten, one hundred;

behind:for water, for a leg, for the hair, for the head, for the hand, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the ear, for the ears, for the night, for two, for three, for six , for ten, for forty, for a hundred;

under: under your feet, under your arms, downhill, under your nose, in the evening;

By: by sea, by field, by forest, by floor, by nose, by ear, by twos, by threes, by a hundred, by twos, by threes;

from:from the forest, from home, from nose, from sight;

without:without a trace, to no avail, without a year, without a week.

Wed. Also: hour from hour, year from year, to night, to floor and etc.

5. Plural nouns with endings -s, -i, when declensting, as a rule, they retain the accent based on: rectors - rectors, turners - turners, drivers - drivers, scarves - scarves; plural nouns with endings -and I, when declining, as a rule, they have an accent on the ending: bills - bills, doctors - doctors, passports - passports, fields - fields, bread - breads.(See morphological norms of nouns.)
6. Many short adjectives in feminine have an emphasis on the ending: pale, pale, pale, pale; close, close, close, close; small, small, few, small; full, full, full, full; simple, simple, simple, simple.
7. In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the emphasis is on the ending, less often on the basis:
- A) took, was, took, forked, heeded, lied, drove, gave, got, tore, lived, asked, borrowed, called, poured, made, hired, began, drank, sailed, understood, arrived, accepted, tore, distributed, reputed, took off, slept and etc.;
- b) beat, shaved, blew, stung, laid, stole, winged, washed, crushed, fell, gave birth, sewed.
8. Some reflexive verbs masculine past tenses have an accent on the postfix: got busy, locked himself in, hired himself, started, leaned on, got started.
9. Some perfective verbs have an accent on the ending: turn it on, turn it on; make it easier, make it easier; you call, they will call; if you move, they will move; you will set it up, they will set it up.
10. Verbs to -ovate, -ovate pronounced like this: 11

-edit	-ated	-ow	-ovated
motivate	motivated	carbonate	carbonated
review	peer-reviewed	pleat	pleated
direct	directed	corrugate	corrugated
arrange	arranged	give bonuses	awarded
stabilize	stabilized	label	marked
discuss	debated	seal	sealed
clash	disharmonious	to book	armored,
date	dated	(cover	A Also:
to book	privatized	armor),	spoiled
(order
in advance)		pamper
privatize

11. For many passive past participles, the stress is on the stem, except for the feminine singular form, in which it is transferred to the ending, for example: taken - taken - taken - taken; started - started - started - started; given - given - given - given; accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted; sold - sold - sold - sold; lived - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from participles to -abused, -torn, -called The feminine form has an accent based on:

picked up, picked up, sorted out, elected, tidied up, picked up, picked up, sorted out, collected, selected, put away etc.;

torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, flayed, torn, etc.;

called, called, called, recalled etc.

Rules for pronunciation of individual words

Pronunciation of adverbs

With emphasis on the prefix: in bursts, to the full, completely, completely, briefly, headlong, above, below, in twos.

With emphasis on the root: extremely, enviably, for a long time, since ancient times, otherwise, sometimes, a hundredfold, immediately.

With an accent on the ending: rented, before dawn, from time immemorial, masterfully, equally.

Pronunciation of foreign words

In words of foreign origin that have not been fully assimilated into the Russian language, in place of the letter O in an unstressed position it is pronounced [o], i.e. reduction does not occur: b[o]a, cocoa[o], radi[o].

Before a vowel indicated by a letter e, there is a double pronunciation.

Softly spoken words:

academy, affect, beret, brunette, hypothesis, devaluation, decade, decoration, demagogue, correct, museum, pressing, term, overcoat, effect.

Pronounced firmly.

alternative, anesthesia, antithesis, atelier, barter, genetics, neckline, delta, dumping, code, cafe, patronage, rating, thesis, tender, thermos, Chopin, plug, esthete.

Words artery, bacterium, pool, parcel, cycle track, tasting, dean, decade, depot, depression, credo, lottery, nylon, novella, claim, progress, sonnet, therapist, terror, federation, trout, instance, energy have a double pronunciation.

The following words are difficult to pronounce:

Get to know the pronunciation of individual words agent, apostrophe, bartender, unrestrained, genesis, cedar, pantry, aches, ordeal, uncork, seal, understood, bonus, belt, shoe, Christian, scoop, manger.

Some words have different meanings: occupied (place) - occupied (person)", reserved (room) - reserved (car)", spare (exit) - spare (pencil, player)", sparkle (with happiness) - sparkles (snow)", workaround (path ) - bypass (sheet)", transfer (form) - transfer (exam, novel)", immersed (on the platform) - immersed (in water)", mobile (flexible) - mobile (composition)", call (cry) - military age)",

developed (child) - developed (socialism) - developed (curl)", reflex (related to the reflector) - reflex (impulsive);

steps (in a ladder) - steps (stage of development of something)",

wonderful (amazing) - wonderful (strange)",

linguistic (made from tongue) - linguistic (barrier).

Euphony presupposes the most perfect combination of sounds from the point of view of speakers of a given language, convenient for pronunciation and pleasant to the ear. The most natural sound of Russian speech is achieved by alternating consonant and vowel sounds and a slight use of combinations of several consonants. Combinations of two consonants at the beginning and middle of a word are common in Russian, for example: snow, steppe, paddle, kind, placing them at the end of a word makes it difficult to articulate: kind, round, dim.

The euphony of speech is also influenced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables and the associated predominance of short or long words. Speech is euphonious if short words alternate with long ones, in which case the stressed syllables are not located in a row and not too far from each other. For the Russian language, the average word length is three syllables.

We are training

No. 104. Pronounce the words correctly, determine their meanings. Complete the task.

Disdain, unprecedented, competitiveness, long-distance, mock, perturbation, precedent, slip, knowledgeable, compromise, scrupulous, paid, extraordinary, escort, legal adviser.

1. Try to compose a text using as many of these words as possible in your speech.

No. 105. Make up phrases with words different styles. Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in a dictionary.

1) official business style: accountants, gross, initiated, contract, claim, catalogue, quarter, marketing, marketing, arrears, provision, inform, wholesale, share, customs, facsimile, petition, statutory, expert",
2) scientific style.
a) general scientific vocabulary: apostrophe, asymmetry, genesis, hyphen, anticipate, phenomenon, flyleaf, concentration, shorthand",
b) from the field of cultural studies: religion, confessor, heretic, eating, iconography, small fraction, masterfully wields the pen, scanty, headlong, fetish, chaos, chaos, sleek, Christian, dandy",
c) from the field of medicine: aches, drowsiness, phlegm; dispensary, whooping cough, syringes;
3) conversational style: bartender, exorbitant price, blinds, exhaust, flounder, beet, plum, mold, pepper, pizzeria, baking sheet, rust, dancer.
1. Compose texts in formal business, scientific and conversational styles, use the words given.

No. 106. Compose the words by analogy: gas pipeline

Garbage-..., oil-..., route-...

No. 107. Place stress in the following words, indicate alternative cases of stress placement. Check your knowledge in the dictionary. Complete the tasks.

Analogue, apoplexy, asymmetry, scam, indulge, pamper, pampered, pampered, pampering, blagovest, veterinary, croutons, pressing, denim, dispensary, waited, milkmaid, blinds, life support, envious, calling, conspiracy, long ago, busy, seal, invention, otherwise, industry, stroke, flounder, catalogue, cedar, pantry, college, compass, more beautiful, flint, hunk, marketing, masterfully, briefly, medicines, metallurgy, scanty, meeting, thinking, for a long time, intention, start, obituary, provision, facilitate, flint, at the same time, lend, wholesale, inform, uncork, loop, experienced, transferred, repeat, crowd, repeat, call, submitted, bonus, award, arrived, sentence, dowry, force, accepted, acquisition, pullover, perspective, rust, come true, beets, silo, orphans, convocation, means, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, shoe, deepen, legitimize, strengthen, aggravate, phenomenon, flyleaf, hypocrisy, petition, owners, cement, centner, gypsy, draw, chassis, sorrel, expert.

1. Which of these words did you pronounce incorrectly?
2. Compose with these words small text, try to keep it humorous, read it to a friend.
3. Which of the following words have a double pronunciation? What is this connected with?

No. 108. Read. In which of these words is [o] preserved in an unstressed position? Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in a dictionary of foreign words.

Excitement, aroma, banjo, baobab, blockbuster, boa, bobsleigh, glass, bon vivant, Bordeaux, veto, dossier, zoologist, coalition, communique, concert, cooperation, lorgnette, model, neo-fascism, non grata, nonconformist, non-stop, nouveau riche , oasis, speaker, briefcase, sombrero, sonata, bullfighter, trio, foyer, chaos, highway.

1. Why do you think foreign words are pronounced differently?
2. Give your own examples of words in the pronunciation of which [o] is preserved in an unstressed position.

No. 109. Read the words. Determine whether the consonants before the sound [e] are pronounced softly or hard in these words?

Academy, barter, business, sandwich, bill of exchange, genesis, debtor, decade, dean, declaration, delicacy, deposit, indexation, integration, intelligence, cafe, coffee, loan, cream, landrover, manager, management, Odessa, press, pressing, producer, tandem, thesis, tennis, term, thermos, masterpiece, effect, jurisprudence.

1. What do you think is the reason for the difference in the pronunciation of these words?
2. Write a short story using some of these words.

No. 110. Use the verb in the 2nd person form of the simple future tense and put the emphasis.

Drill, cook, hammer, invigorate, modify, turn on, impute, hoist, give, call, reproach, sculpt, beckon, lighten, salt, stir.

No. 111. Read the words. Indicate which of them pronounce [e] at the root of the word, and which ones pronounce [o]?

Scam, hopeless, whitish, faded, being, icy conditions, grenadier, bilious, bile, misogynist, hagiography, pharynx, foreign, expired, maneuvers, pronominal, perplexed, catechumen, eponymous, guardianship, sedentary, solvent, savvy, scabrous.

1. Make sentences with some words.

No. 112. Read the words, pay attention to how you pronounced these words. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words in a dictionary.

Chaotic, everyday, bakery, felt, maid, mustard plaster, buckwheat, bachelorette party, enough, Ilyinichna, of course, to the head, hawker, petty, thrush, milk, tip, on purpose, special, dishonest, pepper maker, shoulder pad, candlestick, laundry, gingerbread, trifling, herring, hearty, birdhouse, boring, creamy, matchstick, shooting, dotted, apple, fried egg, barley.

1. Determine in which words [ is pronounced chn, and in which - shn]1
2. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?
3. What pronunciation do you think is typical for older people?
4. What, in your opinion, is the reason for the appearance of pronunciation? [chn] in the speech of the younger generation of people?
5. There is a version that the pronunciation [chn] arose under the influence of written speech - words began to be pronounced the way they were written. How do you feel about this view of scientists? Prove your point.
113. Read the words. Which of them contain a double consonant? Check the meaning and pronunciation of words in dictionaries.

Appeal, assembly, assorted, attache, stand, bill, bath, gram, flu, influenza, diffusion, cash desk, cool, proofreading, manna (heavenly), Moroccan, mass, massage, array, mousse, million, program, Saturday, terrace , terror, cellophane.

1. Write a short text with some of these words.

No. 114. Read the words. Which of them have pronunciation options?

Atlas, barge, armor, loaded, gifted, iris, chum salmon, compass, credit, quarter, laurel, scanty, wrinkle, bloody, loop, damned, rust, folded, meatballs, coward, Ukrainian, filter, characteristic.

1. Find words that differ from each other in stylistic coloring or sphere of use.
2. Which of the words are doublets, equal variants?
3. Which of these words differ in meaning? Make up sentences with these words.

No. 115. Read the words. Using professional jargon, determine which person they might belong to?

A) accountant, gross, yaw production, catalogue, quarter, marketing, arrears, security, share, statutory",
b) spark, chassis",
V) dispensary, orthopedics, syringes,
G) flounder, chum salmon;
d) initiated (case), sued, convicted.
1. Choose a standard pronunciation option for each word.

Let's check ourselves

1. What does orthoepy study?
2. List the basic rules for pronunciation of words.
3. What are the main conditions for the euphony of speech?