What literary tales have you read and who are their authors?

Answer

P.P. Ershov. "The Little Humpbacked Horse".

V.F. Odoevsky. "Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers", "Moroz Ivanovich".

S.T. Aksakov. "The Scarlet Flower".

L.N. Tolstoy. "The tale of Ivan the Fool and his two brothers: Semyon the Warrior and Taras the Bruchan, and the mute sister Malanya, and the old devil and the three devils."

V.M. Garshin. "Frog traveler".

D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak "Alenushkin's Tales".

M. Gorky. “About Ivanushka the Fool”.

A.I. Tolstoy. "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio."

V.V. Bianchi. "Adventures of Ant".

E.A. Permyak. "How to marry fire water."

The tale of V.A. Zhukovsky "Three Belts". It tells about a poor girl, Lyudmila, who was rewarded by a witch for her kindness and modesty with a magic belt. When the young prince Svyatoslav drew attention to Lyudmila, the envious sisters offered her a rich outfit and took away the magic belt. The old sorceress took pity on the girl and returned her belt. Lyudmila became the wife of Svyatoslav.

The tale is similar to the folk tale in that in it two older sisters envy the younger, happiness and the groom go to the younger - modest and hardworking, as, for example, in the fairy tale "Khavroshechka".

It differs from the folk tale of Zhukovsky in its special language, in which there are many literary words and expressions, and the fact that the author especially emphasizes the main idea of ​​his tale. Zhukovsky tells us that modesty is more important than vanity, that envy and pride are terrible monsters that poison a person's soul, and happiness goes to the humble and kind.

Friends! You are in Wonderland. Here you will find the most interesting works- literary tales. Do you know what a fairy tale is? .. That's right, miracles always happen in a fairy tale, amazing creatures live in it. Literary tales are composed by extraordinary writers. They know how to come up with extraordinary stories and extraordinary heroes. Can you now remember the names of the most famous storytellers?

In this section, you will meet with the works of writers, many of whom you have not yet met. In the tales of Gennady Tsyferov, Donald Bisset, Sergei Kozlov, Natalia Abramtseva, Rudyard Kipling, you will meet funny and funny characters, with unexpected situations and unusual words. All these tales are very different, but they are united by a wonderful property - they teach us to see miracles in the most ordinary things.

To get into Wonderland, you will need your imagination and invention, your humor and kindness. And you will also need paints and pencils to draw a multi-colored Wonderland, into which storytellers-dreamers and dreamers will lead us.

Gennady Tsyferov "About the chicken, the sun and the bear"

When I was little, I knew very little and was surprised at everything, and loved to compose. For example, snow flies. People will say precipitation. And I'll think: probably, somewhere in the blue meadows, white dandelions have bloomed. Or, maybe, at night on the green roof, cheerful clouds sat down to rest and dangled white legs. And if the cloud is pulled by the leg, it will sigh and fly. Will fly far away somewhere.

Why am I telling you all this? And here's what. Yesterday an amazing thing happened in our chicken coop: a yellow chicken hatched out of a white chicken egg. Yesterday he hatched, and then all day, all week he was surprised by everything. After all, he was small and saw everything for the first time. That's how he was small and saw everything for the first time, and I decided to write a book.

It's good to be small. And even better - to see everything for the first time.

First surprise

What was the chicken surprised at first? Well, of course, the sun. He looked at him and said:

- And what's that? If this is a ball, then where is the thread? And if it is a flower, then where is its leg?

“Stupid,” laughed the chicken mom. - It's the same sun.

- Sunshine, sunshine! The chicken sang. - Need to remember.

Then he saw another sun, in a small drop.

- Little sun, - he whispered into his yellow ear, - do you want me to take you to our little house, to the chicken coop? It's dark and cool there.

But the sun did not want to shine there. Again the sun brought the chicken out into the street and stamped its paw:

- Stupid sun! Where it is light, it shines, and where it is dark, it does not want to shine. Why?

But no one, even the biggest and the oldest, could explain it to him.

Second surprise

Why was the chicken surprised then? Again the sun.

What is it like? Of course, yellow. This was the first time the chick saw him and decided that it would always be like this.

But one day a mischievous wind unwound a golden ball. On the path where the sun went, from the green hills to the blue river, a multi-colored rainbow stretched.

The chicken looked at the rainbow and smiled: the sun is not yellow at all. It is multi-colored. Like a matryoshka. Open the blue - it's green. Open the green - it's blue. And in blue it is still red, orange ...

So is the sun. If you roll it out, unwind its ball, there will be seven stripes. And if you wind each of these strips separately, there will be seven colored suns. Yellow sun, blue, blue, green - all sorts of suns.

How many days in a week? Also seven. This means that one sun will rise every day. On Monday, for example, it is blue, on Tuesday it is green, on Wednesday it is blue, and on Sunday it is yellow. Sunday is a fun day.

How a chicken first composed a fairy tale

It's very simple: he took it and composed it. Once they told him a fairy tale about a house on chicken legs. He thought and came up with another right there: a fairy tale about a house on calf legs. Then about the elephant-legged house. Then about the house on hare legs.

Horns grew on the legs of the calf.

Ears grew on hare legs near the house.

A proboscis pipe hung on elephant legs near the house.

And by the little house on chicken legs a red scallop gleamed.

The house on hare legs squealed: "I want to jump!"

The house on calf legs moaned: "I want to butt!"

The elephant-legged house puffed out: “P-f-f! I want to play the pipe! "

And the house on chicken legs sang: “Ku-ka-river! Isn't it time for you to go to bed? "

The lights went out in all the houses. And everyone fell asleep.

About friends

The chicken had few friends. Only one. This is because he was looking for color friends. If yellow, it means a friend. If gray, no. If it is brown - also not. Somehow a chicken walked along the green path, saw a yellow thread and went and walked along it. Walked, walked and saw a yellow caterpillar.

- Hello, yellow, - said the chicken, - is that you, probably, my yellow friend?

- Yes, - the caterpillar grumbled, - probably.

- What are you doing here? The chicken asked with interest.

- Don't you see? I pull out a yellow phone.

- What for?

- Can't you guess? The blue bell that lives in the forest and the blue bell that lives in the meadow decided to call each other today.

- What for? The chicken asked.

- Probably to find out about the weather. After all, in the rain they close.

- Me too, - said the chicken and hid his head. And so he surprised the caterpillar very much.

For a very long time she could not understand who it was - a flower or a bird?

- Probably a flower, - decided the caterpillar and made friends with the chicken. Caterpillars are afraid of birds.

What did the two yellow friends do

What are all the little ones doing? Were playing. We danced. Bubbles were blown out. They splashed into a puddle. And they were also sad. And sometimes they cried.

Why were they sad

Here's why on Monday. On this day, they deceived their mothers. They told them: "We will go to the meadow." And they themselves went to the river to catch carp.

Of course, if it were a boy, he would have blushed. If a girl - too.

But they were a yellow chicken and a yellow caterpillar. And they turned yellow, yellow, yellow all day. And by evening they became so yellow that no one could look at them without blue glasses. And whoever looked without blue glasses sighed and cried: “How sad it all is! How sad it all is! They cheated on their mothers! And now they are so, so yellow on such a blue evening! "

Why did they laugh

On Wednesday they decided to play hide and seek. In the morning they decided, at lunchtime they were considered:

- One, two, three, four, five! The one who plays is the one to run!

The chicken ran away and hid under the porch. The caterpillar crawled away and hid under the leaf. Are waiting,

who will find whom. They waited an hour - no one found anyone. Two waited - no one found anyone ...

Finally, in the evening, their mothers found them and scolded:

- Is this hide and seek? Hide and seek is when someone is hiding from someone. Someone is looking for someone. And when everyone is hiding, it's not hide and seek! This is something else.

At this time, thunder rumbled. And they all hid.

Gennady Tsyferov "How the frogs drank tea"

The tomato turned red on one side. Now - like a small traffic light: where the sun rises, the side is red; where the moon is green.

A furry fog sleeps in the meadows. He smokes a pipe. Smoke under the bushes.

In the evening, by the blue-blue river, green frogs drank tea from white-white water lilies.

The birch asked the pine where it was reaching.

- To the sky.

- I want to put a cloud-sail on top.

- For what?

- To fly over the blue river, over the white hill.

- For what?

- See where the sun sets, where it, yellow, lives.

A donkey came out on a starry night for a walk. I saw a month in the sky. I was surprised: "Where is the other half?" I went to look. He looked into the bushes, fumbled under the burdocks. Found her in a small puddle in the garden. He looked and touched him with his leg - alive.

It was raining, without making out the roads, through the meadows, through the fields, through the flowering gardens. He walked, walked, stumbled, stretched out his long legs, fell ... and drowned in the last puddle. Only the bubbles went up: bul-bul.

Spring is already, and the nights are cold. The frost is cold. The pussy willow showed her finger buds and put on fur mittens.

The boy drew the sun. And all around the rays - golden eyelashes. Showed to dad:

- Good?

“Okay,” Dad said and drew a stem.

—- Uh! - the boy was surprised. - Yes, it's a sunflower! ..

Victor Khmelnitsky "Spider"

The spider was hanging on a spider web. Suddenly it broke off, and the spider began to fall.

"Wow! .." - thought the spider.

Falling to the ground, he immediately got up, rubbed his bruised side and ran to the tree.

Having climbed onto a branch, the spider now released two cobwebs at once - and began to swing on a swing.

Viktor Khmelnitsky "Galchonok and the Stars"

- When you fall asleep, hide your head under the wing, - his mother taught the black-black daw.

- My neck hurts, - answered the naughty little daw ...

And then one frosty night, when huge stars sparkled in the sky, and snow was silvery on the ground, the little daw woke up by accident.

I woke up and decided that everything around me was a dream.

And the cold wind didn't seem so cold. Deep snow is soft and welcoming.

The huge stars appeared to the little daw even brighter, and the black sky - blue.

- Hello! - screamed a daw in the whole blue light.

- Hello, - the stars responded.

- Hello, - the round Moon smiled. - Why are you not sleeping?

- Ka-ak ?! - shouted a daw. “Isn't this a dream?

- Of course, a dream, - the stars blinked. - Dream! Dream! They were bored and wanted to play. In addition, the little daw's eyes sparkled like real stars.

- And Luna asks why I am awake?

- She was joking!

- Ur-r-ra! - shouted a daw. - So-o-he !!!

But then the whole forest woke up from his cry. And his mother gave him such a thrashing that since then the little daw, like all birds, falling asleep, hides his head under his wing - so that, when he wakes up at night, he does not see the deceiving stars!

Viktor Khmelnitsky "The Fruit of the Imagination"

- It is very interesting, - began the frog, - to come up with something like that! .. And then see it.

- A figment of the imagination, - supported the grasshopper, jumping up.

All the color of the field and the forest has gathered in the clearing. There were blue cornflowers, scarlet poppies, white butterflies, red in a white dot ladybugs and so on and that incomparable ...

Grasshopper decided to invent an elephant.

Big, big elephant!

"I probably have the biggest figment of the imagination!" He thought, not without secret pride.

But the grasshopper was vainly secretly proud. White daisy came up with a cloud. And a cloud is very often larger than an elephant.

Chamomile came up with a cloud as white as herself.

"If you really think of something, - decided the frog, - it's so very pleasant ..."

And the frog came up with rain and puddles.

Ladybug invented the sun. At first glance, this is very simple. But only - on the first ... And if on the second or on the third? Surely your eyes will hurt!

- Well, who invented what? - asked the frog.

- I came up with a big, big elephant! The grasshopper announced louder than usual.

“And I’m a white and white cloud,” said the daisy. - And I saw a white-white cloud in the blue transparent sky.

- There is a cloud! - exclaimed the daisy. - Just the way I came up with!

Everyone looked up and began to envy the daisy.

But the closer the cloud swam, the more it resembled a big, big elephant.

- Here it is, my elephant! I invented it! - the grasshopper was delighted.

And when it suddenly started to rain over the clearing from the elephant cloud and puddles appeared, the frog smiled. Someone really has a smile from ear to ear!

And of course, of course, then the sun came out. So, it's time to triumph and ... the ladybug.

Sergey Kozlov "Hedgehog's violin"

The hedgehog has long wanted to learn to play the violin.

“Well,” he said, “the birds are singing, the dragonflies are ringing, but I can only hiss?

And he cut pine planks, dried them, and began to make a violin. The violin came out light, melodious, with a cheerful bow.

Having finished the work, the Hedgehog sat down on a stump, pressed the violin to his muzzle and pulled the bow down from above.

"Pi-i-i ..." - the violin squealed. And the Hedgehog smiled.

"Pee-pee-pee! .." - flew out from under the bow, and the Hedgehog began to invent a melody.

“We need to come up with one,” he thought, “so that the pine tree rustles, cones fall and the wind blows. Then, so that the wind calms down, and one cone swayed for a long, long time, and then, finally, it flopped - bang! And then the mosquitoes should beep and the evening will come. "

He sat down more comfortably on the stump, pressed the violin tighter and waved his bow.

"Uuuu! .." - the violin hummed.

“No,” thought the Hedgehog, “so, perhaps, the bee is buzzing ... Then let it be noon. Let the bees buzz, the sun shines brightly and ants run along the paths. "

And he, smiling, began to play: “Oooh! Ooh! .. "

"It turns out!" - the Hedgehog was delighted. And he played "Noon" all day until the evening.

“Ooh! Oooh! .. "- rushed through the forest.

And thirty Ants, two Grasshopper and one Mosquito gathered to look at the Hedgehog.

- You are a little fake, - said the Mosquito politely when the Hedgehog was tired. - The fourth "y" should be taken a little thinner. Like this...

And he squealed: "Pi-i-i!.,"

- No, - said the Hedgehog. - You play "Evening", and I - "Noon". Can't you hear?

The mosquito stepped back a step with its slender leg, tilted its head to one side and raised its shoulders.

“Yes, yes,” he said, listening. - Noon! At this time, I really like to sleep in the grass.

- And we, - said the Grasshoppers, - at noon we work in the forge. Just half an hour later, a Dragonfly will fly up to us and ask us to forge a new wing! ..

- And we have, - said the Ants, - lunch at noon.

And one Ant came forward and said:

- Please play a little more: I really like to dine!

The hedgehog pressed the violin and started it with a bow.

- Very tasty! - said the Ant. - I will come every evening to listen to your "Noon".

Dew fell.

The hedgehog, like a real musician, bowed to the Ants, Grasshoppers and Komar from a hemp and took the violin into the house so that it would not get damp.

Instead of strings, the violin was stretched with grass, and, falling asleep, the Hedgehog thought how tomorrow he would pull fresh strings and still achieve that the violin would rustle with pine, breathe in the wind and stomp with falling cones ...

Sergey Kozlov "Hedgehog-tree"

All the New Year's Eve a blizzard raged in the fields. There was so much snow in the forest that neither the Hedgehog, nor the Donkey, nor the Bear Cub could leave the house all week.

Before the New Year, the blizzard subsided, and friends gathered at the Hedgehog's house.

- That's what, - said the Bear, - we don't have a tree.

- No, - agreed the Donkey.

“I don’t see that we had it,” said the Hedgehog. He liked to express himself intricately, especially on the days before the holidays.

- We must go and look, - offered Bear.

- Where will we find her now? .. - Donkey was surprised. - It's dark in the forest ...

- And what snowdrifts! .. - Hedgehog sighed.

- Still, we have to go for the tree, - said the Bear.

And all three left the house.

The blizzard had subsided, but the clouds had not yet dispersed, and not a single star was visible in the sky.

- And the moon is gone! - said the Donkey. - What tree is there?

- And to the touch? - said the Bear. And crawled through the snowdrifts.

But he did not find anything by touch either. Only big trees came across, but they still would not fit into the Hedgehog's house, and the small ones were covered with snow.

Returning to the Hedgehog, the Donkey and the Teddy bear became sad.

- Well, what is it New Year! .. - the Bear cub sighed.

“If it were some kind of autumn holiday, the tree might not be necessary,” thought the Donkey. "And in winter you can't do without a tree."

The hedgehog, meanwhile, boiled the samovar and poured tea into saucers. He put a barrel of honey for the bear, and a plate of burdocks for the Donkey.

The Hedgehog did not think about the tree, but he was saddened that for half a month his clock had broken, and the Woodpecker watchmaker promised, but did not come.

- How do we know when it will be twelve o'clock? - he asked the Bear.

- We will feel! - said the Donkey.

- This is how we feel? - the Bear cub was surprised.

“It's very simple,” said the Donkey. - At twelve o'clock we will be sleepy for exactly three hours!

- Right! - the Hedgehog was delighted.

“Don't worry about the tree. In the corner we will put a stool, and I will stand on it, and you will hang toys on me.

- What is not a Christmas tree! - shouted the Bear.

And so they did.

They put a stool in the corner, the Hedgehog stood on the stool and fluffed up the needles.

“The toys are under the bed,” he said.

The Donkey and the Teddy Bear took out toys and hung a large dried dandelion on the Hedgehog's upper paws, and a small spruce cone for each needle.

- Don't forget the light bulbs! - said the Hedgehog.

And they hung chanterelle mushrooms on his chest, and they lit up cheerfully - they were so red.

- Aren't you tired, Yolka? - asked the Bear, sitting down and sipping tea from a saucer.

The hedgehog stood on a stool and smiled.

- No, - said the Hedgehog. - What time is it now?

The donkey was dozing.

- Five minutes to twelve! - said the Bear. - As the Donkey falls asleep, it will be exactly New Year.

- Then pour me and yourself some cranberry juice, - said the Hedgehog-tree.

- Do you want some cranberry juice? - asked the Teddy bear at the Donkey.

The donkey fell asleep.

"The clock should strike now," he muttered.

The hedgehog carefully took a cup in his right paw

with cranberry juice, and the bottom, stamping, began to beat off time.

- Bam, bam, bam! He said.

- It's already three, - said the Bear. - Now let me!

He hit the floor three times with his paw and also said:

- Bam, bam, bam! .. Now it's your turn, Donkey!

The donkey hit the floor with its hoof three times, but said nothing.

- Now I am again! - shouted the Hedgehog.

And all with bated breath listened to the last “bam! bam! bam! "

- Hooray! - the Bear cub shouted, and the Donkey fell asleep. Soon the Bear fell asleep too.

Only the Hedgehog stood in the corner on a stool and did not know what to do. And he began to sing songs and sang them until morning, so as not to fall asleep and not break toys.

Sergey Kozlov "Hedgehog in the Fog"

Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and played on their squeaky violins. The moon came out from behind the clouds and, smiling, floated across the sky.

"Mmm-uh! .." - the cow sighed across the river. A dog howled, and forty moon hares ran down the path.

A fog rose over the river, and a sad white horse drowned in it up to his chest, and now it seemed that a large white duck was swimming in the fog and, snorting, lowered his head into it.

The hedgehog was sitting on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley flooded with fog.

It was so beautiful that he shuddered from time to time: was he not dreaming of all this? And the mosquitoes did not get tired of playing their violins, the moon hares danced, and the dog howled.

"I'll tell you - they won't believe!" - thought the Hedgehog, and began to look even more attentively in order to remember all the beauty to the last blade of grass.

“So the star has fallen,” he noted, “and the grass leaned to the left, and only one peak remained from the tree, and now it floats next to the horse ... And interestingly,” thought the Hedgehog, “if the horse goes to sleep, it will drown in the fog ? "

And he began to slowly descend from the mountain in order to also get into the fog and see how it was inside.

- Here, - said the Hedgehog. - I can not see anything. And even the paw is not visible. Horse! He called.

But the horse said nothing.

"Where is the horse?" - Hedgehog thought. And crawled straight. All around was dull, dark and wet, only high above the dusk glowed faintly.

He crawled for a long, long time and suddenly felt that there was no earth under him, and he was flying somewhere. Bultyh! ..

"I'm in the river!" - Hedgehog realized, chilling with fear. And he began to beat with his paws in all directions.

When he surfaced, it was still dark, and the Hedgehog did not even know where the shore was.

"Let the river carry me by itself!" He decided. He took a deep breath as he could, and he was carried downstream.

The river rustled with reeds, seethed on the rifts, and the Hedgehog felt that he was completely wet and would soon drown.

Suddenly, someone touched his hind paw.

“Sorry,” someone said silently, who are you and how did you get here?

- I am the Hedgehog, - the Hedgehog also silently answered. - I fell into the river.

“Then sit on my back,” someone said silently. - I'll take you to the shore.

The hedgehog sat on someone's narrow slippery back and a minute later was on the shore.

- Thanks! He said aloud.

- It's my pleasure! - Silently uttered someone whom the Hedgehog had not even seen, and disappeared in the waves.

“This is the story ... - thought the Hedgehog, dusting himself off. - Who will believe ?! And hobbled in the fog.

Sergey Kozlov "How to catch a cloud"

When the time came for the birds to fly south and the grass had long faded and the trees had flown around, the Hedgehog said to the Bear Cub:

- Winter is coming soon. Let's go get some fish for you. You love fish!

And they took their fishing rods and went to the river.

It was so quiet on the river, so calm, that all the trees bowed their sad heads towards it, and in the middle the clouds drifted slowly. The clouds were gray, shaggy, and the Bear was scared.

“What if we catch a cloud? He thought. "What are we going to do with him then?"

- Hedgehog! - said the Bear. - What will we do if we catch a cloud?

- We will not catch, - said the Hedgehog. - Clouds are not caught on dry peas. Now, if they caught on a dandelion ...

- Can you catch a cloud on a dandelion?

- Of course! - said the Hedgehog. - Only clouds are caught on a dandelion!

It began to get dark.

They sat on a narrow birch bridge and looked into the water. The bear cub looked at the hedgehog's float, and the hedgehog looked at the bear cub's float. It was quiet, quiet, and the floats reflected motionless in the water ...

- Why doesn't she bite? - asked the Bear.

- She listens to our conversations. - said the Hedgehog. - Pisces are very curious by the fall! ..

- Then let's be silent.

And they sat in silence for an hour.

Suddenly, the Bear's float danced and dived deeply.

- It bites! - shouted the Hedgehog.

- Ouch! - exclaimed the Bear. - Pulls!

- Hold, hold! - said the Hedgehog.

“Something very heavy,” whispered the Bear. “Last year, an old cloud drowned here. Maybe this is it?

- Hold, hold! - repeated the Hedgehog.

But then the bear's fishing rod bent in an arc, then straightened with a whistle - and a huge red moon soared high into the sky.

And the moon swayed and floated quietly over the river.

And then the Hedgehog's float disappeared.

- Pull! - whispered the Bear.

The hedgehog swung his fishing rod - and high into the sky, above the moon, a small star flew up.

- So ... - whispered the Hedgehog, taking out two new peas. - Now if only there is enough bait! ..

And they, forgetting about the fish, all night caught the stars and threw them all over the sky.

And before dawn, when the peas ran out, Teddy Bear hung down from the walkway and pulled two orange maple leaves out of the water.

- Better not than catching with a maple leaf! - he said.

And he was already beginning to doze off, when suddenly someone firmly grabbed the hook.

- Help! .. - the Bear cub whispered to the Hedgehog.

And they, tired, sleepy, together barely pulled the sun out of the water.

It shook itself off, walked along the narrow walkway and rolled into the field.

Everything was quiet, good, and last leaves, like small boats, slowly sailed along the river ...

Sergey Kozlov "Beauty"

When everyone huddled in their burrows and began to wait for winter, a warm wind suddenly flew in. He embraced the whole forest with his wide wings, and everything came to life - sang, chirped, rang.

The spiders got out to bask in the sun, the dozing frogs woke up. The hare sat down on a tree stump in the middle of the clearing and raised its ears. And the Hedgehog and the Teddy bear simply did not know what to do.

- Let's go for a swim in the river, - said the Bear.

- The water is icy.

- Let's go get some gold leaves!

- The leaves have flown around.

- Let's go get you some fungi!

- What mushrooms? - said the Hedgehog. - Where?

- Then ... Then ... Let's lie down - we'll lie in the sun!

- The earth is cold.

- The water is icy, the ground is cold, there are no mushrooms, the leaves have flown around, but why is it warm?

- That's it! - said the Hedgehog.

- That's it! - Bear cub mimicked. - And what to do?

- Let's go saw some wood for you!

- No, - said the Bear. It is good to cut firewood in winter. Whack-whack! - and gold filings in the snow! The sky is blue, sun, frost. Whack-whack! - OK!

- Let's go to! Let's drink!

- What you! And in winter? Bam! - and steam from the mouth. Bam! You stab, sing, and smoke yourself. It is such a joy to chop wood on a sonorous sunny day!

“Then I don’t know,” said the Hedgehog. - Think yourself.

- Let's go get some twigs, - said the Bear. - Bare branches. And some have one leaf. You know how beautiful it is!

- And what to do with them?

- We'll put it in the house. Just a little, you know? - said the Bear. - If there are many, there will be just bushes, but if a little ...

And they went, broke the beautiful branches and, with branches in their paws, went to the Bear's house.

- Hey! Why do you need brooms? - shouted the Hare.

- These are not brooms, - said the Hedgehog. - This is beauty! Can't you see?

- The beauty! There is so much of her, of this beauty! - said the Hare. - Beauty is when there is little. And here - how many!

- It's here, - said the Bear. - And we will have beauty at home in winter.

- And you will drag these brooms home?

- Well, yes, - said the Hedgehog. - And you, too, type, Hare.

- Why did I move? - the Hare was surprised. - I live in the forest and bare branches ...

- Yes, you understand, - said the Bear, - take two or three branches and put them in a jug at home.

- Better rowan, - said the Hare.

- Rowan - by itself. And the branches are very beautiful!

- Where will you put them? - the Hare asked the Hedgehog.

- To the window, - said the Hedgehog. - They will be standing right in front of the winter sky.

- And you? - the Hare asked the Bear.

- And I'm at the window. Whoever comes will be delighted.

- Well, - said the Hare. - So, the rights of the Crow. She said in the morning: "If it is warm in the forest in the fall, many are mischievous." Are you crazy, huh?

The Hedgehog and the Bear looked at each other, then at the Hare, and then the Bear said:

- You stupid, Hare. And your Crow is stupid. Is it really crazy to make beauty for everyone from three branches?

Gradually, the literary tale became a full-fledged direction fiction... Today this genre is universal, it reflects the phenomena of the surrounding reality, its problems, achievements, successes and failures. At the same time, the connection with folklore remained the same, indissoluble. So, let's try to figure out what a literary tale is.

Definition

First, let's give a definition: a fairy tale is a folk-poetic narrative work that tells about fictional events and heroes. Often involving fantastic and magical phenomena.

Now we will find out what a literary tale is.

This is a genre of narration with a fantastic or magical plot, taking place in a real or magical world, in which both real ones can act, and the author can raise the moral, social, aesthetic problems of history and modernity.

The definitions are similar, but in the second, which concerns a literary tale, there is a certain concretization and clarification. They relate to the types of heroes and space, as well as the author and the problems of the work.

Features of a literary tale

Now we list the main features of a literary tale:

• Reflects the aesthetics and worldview of its era.
• Borrowing characters, images, plots, features of language and poetics from a folk tale.
• Combination of fiction and reality.
• Grotesque world.
• There is a game start.
• Striving to psychologize heroes.
• The position of the author is clearly expressed.
• Social assessment of what is happening.

Folk and literary tale

What is a literary tale, how does it differ from a folk tale? The author's fairy tale is considered a genre that has absorbed folklore and literary principles... It grew out of folklore, transforming and changing its genre differences. We can say that the folk tale has evolved into a literary one.

Literary tale goes through a number of stages as it moves away from the original source - a fairy tale. Let's list them in order of increasing distance:

1. Simple recording of folk tales.
2. Processing of records of folk tales.
3. Retelling of the tale by the author.
4. In the author's fairy tale, the inner form differs from the folk one, and the folklore elements change depending on the writer's intention.
5. Parodies and stylizations - their tasks are associated with a pedagogical orientation.
6. A literary tale is as far away as possible from common folklore plots and images. The speech and style of such a fairy tale is closer to the literary tradition.

What is the manifestation of the folk traditions of a literary tale

What is a literary tale? This, as we have already said, is a combination of literary and folklore. Therefore, in order to answer the question, let us determine what the folk tale inherited from the people.

Writers usually take folklore plots as their basis. For example:

• magical origin or birth of the main character;
• stepmother's dislike for her stepdaughter;
• the hero's tests are necessarily moral in nature;
• rescued animals that become hero's helpers, etc.

Writers also exploit those endowed with certain functions. For example:

• The perfect hero.
• The ideal hero's assistant.
• The one who sends the hero on his way.
• The giver of a magic thing.
• The one who harms the ideal hero and interferes with the assignment.
• A kidnapped character or thing.
• A false hero is one who tries to appropriate other people's exploits for himself.

Space and time fairy world are often built according to the laws of folklore. This is a fantastic indefinite place, and time slows down and speeds up, it is also magical and defies the laws of reality. For example: the distant kingdom, the thirtieth state; How long is it short; the tale quickly tells itself, but it takes a long time before the deed is done.

Trying to bring their fairy tales closer to folk, writers resort to using folklore poetic speech: epithets, threefold repetitions, vernaculars, proverbs, sayings, etc.

Turning to folk traditions, we were able to answer what a literary tale is in its connection with folklore. Let us now consider another component of our tale - the literary one, and try to understand what separates it from the folk heritage.

What is a literary tale and how does it differ from a folk tale

Examples and comparisons of literary and folk tales allow us to highlight a number of their differences.

A literary tale is distinguished by its pictoriality. The author tries to describe in detail the area, events, make the characters closer to reality, so that the reader believes in what is happening as much as possible.

Thus, what is a literary tale if not the psychologism of the heroes? The writer tries to investigate inner world character, portray experiences. So, Pushkin in "Tsar Saltan", depicting the meeting of the hero with his wife and son, describes: "A zealous beat began to beat in him ... the spirit in him was occupied by the tsar burst into tears." You will not find this in folklore.

Ershov, Pushkin, Odoevsky and other storytellers endow their characters with full-fledged character. These are not just heroes typical of folklore, they are full-fledged living people with their own aspirations, experiences, contradictions. Even the devil in "The Tale of Balda" Pushkin endows with a naive childish character.

What else is the difference between a literary tale

What is a literary tale? The answers to this question can be found in the specifics Namely in vivid expression. So, describing the priest, his fears and natural greed, Pushkin ridicules this.

A literary tale will always reflect the author's view of the world, his idea of ​​life and ideas. We will see the writer, his aspirations, values, spiritual world, desires. In a folk tale, only the ideals and values ​​of the entire people can be reflected, the personality of the narrator in it will be erased.

So, what is a literary tale in its classical sense? This is a fusion of the author's identity and folk traditions.

The origins of a literary tale

The roots of a literary tale go back to ancient times. There is a recorded Egyptian tale of two brothers dating from the 13th century. BC NS. The epic also contains references to fairy tales, for example, in the Babylonian cycle about Gilgamesh, among the Assyrians in the legends about Akhikar, in the Greek it is the Iliad and Odyssey.

During the Middle Ages, a literary tale was used by the church, turning it into a parable. A similar tradition survived until the 19th century.

The Renaissance transferred elements of fairy tales into the novella, using them to create satirical and didactic elements.

The emergence of a literary tale

But only in the 18th century. literary tale became independent artistic genre, largely due to the passion for romanticism folk traditions... At this time, in order to answer the question of what a literary tale is, examples would have to be taken from Charles Perrault and A. Galland in Europe and from M. Chulkov in Russia.

In the XIX century. the popularity of the literary tale is growing. This genre is addressed by Goethe, Chamisso, Tik, Edgar Poe, Hoffmann, Andersen. Russian literature of this period is also rich in fairy tales. They are V. Zhukovsky, A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, A. Tolstoy and others.

Pushkin's Tales

What is a literary tale? The above definition is perfectly illustrated by the tales of A.S. Pushkin. Initially, they were not designed for children, but quickly found themselves in the circle of children's reading. The names of these tales have been known to us since childhood:

• "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".
• “The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda”.
• "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish".
• "The tale of dead princess and about 7 heroes ”.
• "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel".

All these tales have a plot connection with folk ones. So, "The Tale of Balda" reminds the folk tale "Batrak Shabarsh". "About the Fisherman and the Fish" - "The Greedy Old Woman", the recording of which was presented to the poet by V. I. Dal, a well-known collector of folklore. "The Tale of Saltan" is close to the fairy tale "About Wonderful Children". Pushkin saw in folk art inexhaustible themes and plots for literature. Thus, the poet's tales can answer the question of what a literary tale is better than any definition.

Summary of "Tales of the priest and his worker Balda"

Consider one of Pushkin's fairy tales. The essence of this tale is in a satire on the ministers of the church, deceiving the people. Human qualities are also ridiculed: stupidity, greed and hypocrisy. Out of greed, the priest decides to hire a servant for a pittance, who will do the hard work. Stupidity forces him to agree to Balda's proposal. But as the reckoning approaches, deceit and anger awakens in the priest - he decides to destroy the worker.

In this tale, as in others, Pushkin creates psychologically perfect characters. Each author gives character and personality traits. And although the language is poetic, it is as close as possible to the folk one. Pushkin always tried to get away from pretentious literary verse to something lighter, more flexible, free. He managed to find all these qualities in folk art.

Thus, a literary tale has a rich history of development, is a unique fusion of folklore and the author's work, and continues to develop to this day.

Anna Kozlushkina
Fairy tales and their types

"Fairy tales and their types"

Fairy tale- an integral part of childhood. There is hardly a person who, being small, did not listen to many different stories. Having matured, he retells them to his children who understand them in their own way, drawing in their imagination the images of acting characters and experiencing emotions that fairy tale conveys.

What fairy tale? What are fairy tales? We will try to answer these questions further.

According to the scientific definition in the literature, fairy tale -"an epic literary genre, a story about any magical or adventurous event that has a clear structure: beginning, middle and ending. "From any fairy tales the reader has to learn some moral lesson. Depending on the type, fairy tale performs other functions as well. There are many classifications of the genre.

The main types of fairy tales.

What are fairy tales? Each of us will agree that it is worth highlighting in a separate species animal tales... The second kind is magical fairy tales... And finally, there are the so-called household fairy tales... Everything views have their own characteristics, which become clear by comparative analysis. Let's try to understand in more detail each of them.

What are animal tales?

The existence of such stories is quite justified, because animals are creatures that live with us in close proximity. It was this fact that influenced the fact that folk art uses images of animals, and the most varied: both wild and domestic. At the same time, you should pay attention to the fact that animals found in fairy tales, are presented not as typical animals, but as special animals endowed with human features. They live, communicate and behave like real people. Such artistic techniques make it possible to make an image understandable and interesting, while filling it with a certain meaning.

In turn, fairy tales about animals can also be divided into fairy tales involving wild or domestic animals, objects or objects of inanimate nature. Often literary scholars, talking about what genres are fairy tales, classify them into magical, cumulative and satirical. This classification also includes the genre of fable. Can be divided fairy tales about animals for works for children and adults. Often in fairy tale there is a person who can play a dominant or secondary role.

Usually with fairy tales children learn about animals at the age of three to six years. They are most understandable for young readers, since they meet with constant characters: a cunning fox, a cowardly hare, a gray wolf, a smart cat, and so on. As a rule, the main feature of each animal is its characteristic feature.

What are the constructions animal tales? The answer is very different. Cumulative fairy tales, for example, are selected according to the principle of plot connection, where the same characters meet, just in different circumstances. Often heroes fabulous stories have names in diminutive form (Chanterelle-Sister, Bunny-Runner, Frog-Croak and so on).

The second type is magic fairy tale.

What are the literary fairy tales of magic? The main characteristic of this species is magical, fantasy world where the main characters live and act. The laws of this world are different from the usual, everything in it is not as it really is, which attracts young readers and makes this look fairy tales undoubtedly the most beloved among children. The magical environment and plot allows the author to express all his imagination and use as many appropriate artistic techniques as possible in order to create a work especially for a children's audience. It's no secret that children's imagination is limitless, and it is very, very difficult to satisfy it.

In most cases, this view fairy tales has a typical plot, certain heroes and a happy ending. What are fairy tales of magic? These can be stories about heroes and fantastic creatures, fairy tales about unusual objects and various tests that are overcome thanks to magic. As a rule, in the finale, the heroes get married and live happily ever after.

Note that the heroes of magic fairy tales embody many positive qualities... Among the main topics of this literary genre- the struggle between good and evil, the struggle for love, truth and other ideals. Must be present bad guy, who will be defeated in the final. Structure ordinary fairy tales - inception, the main part and the ending.

Household fairy tales.

Such stories tell about the events of ordinary life, highlighting various social problems and human characters. In them, the author makes fun of negative human qualities. Such fairy tales are social and satirical, with elements of magical fairy tales and many others... Here, the negative qualities of the rich and vain people are ridiculed, while the representatives of the people embody in themselves positive features... Household fairy tales show that the main thing is not money and strength, but kindness, honesty and intelligence. Literary critics assert - and this is a fact - that they were written at a time when people were experiencing social crises and sought to change the structure of society. Among the popular artistic techniques, satire, humor, and laughter stand out here.

What types there are fairy tales?

Besides the above classification, fairy tales are also divided into copyright and folk. Already from the names it is clear that the author's - fairy tales which were written by a specific famous writer- storyteller, and folk - those that do not have one author. Folk fairy tales passed by word of mouth from generation to generation, and the original author is unknown to anyone. Let's consider each of the types separately.

Folk fairy tales.

Folk fairy tales are rightfully considered a powerful source historical facts, information about the life and social order of a particular people. Each of the peoples in its history has come up with a huge number of instructive stories for adults and children, passing on their experience and wisdom to the next generations.

Folk fairy tales reflect human relations and the change in moral principles, show that the basic values ​​remain unchanged, teach to draw a clear line between good and evil, joy and grief, love and hate, truth and falsehood.

Feature of folk fairy tales is then which is simple and easy readable text the deepest social meaning is hidden. In addition, they preserve the richness of the vernacular. What folk there are fairy tales? They can be both magical and everyday. Many folk fairy tales tells about animals.

The question often arises as to when the first Russian folk fairy tale... This will surely remain a mystery, and one can only speculate. It is believed that the first "Heroes" fairy tales there were natural phenomena - the Sun, the Moon, the Earth and so on. Later they began to obey man, and in fairy tales included images of people and animals. There is an assumption that all Russian folk tales have a real foundation. In other words, some event retold in the form of a fairy tale, has changed over the centuries and has come down to us in the form to which we are accustomed.

What are Russian folk fairy tales, figured it out. It's time to talk about fairy tales whose authors are well known to readers.

Usually a work of authorship is subjective processing folk story however, new stories are quite common. Specific traits author's fairy tales - psychologism, sublime speech, vivid characters, use fairy clichés.

Another feature of this genre is that it can be read at different levels. Thus, the same story is perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. Baby fairy tales Charles Perrault seems innocent to a child story, while an adult will find serious problems and morality in them. Often, books aimed initially at a young reader are interpreted by adults in their own way, just as fantastic stories for adults are enjoyed by children.

Who are they, the authors fairy tales? Surely everyone has heard of « The Tales of My Mother Goose» Charles Perrault, the tales of the Italian Gozzi, the works of the German writer Wilhelm Hauff, the Brothers Grimm and the Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. We must not forget about the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin! Their stories are adored by children and adults all over the world. On these fairy tales whole generations are growing. At the same time, all works of authorship are interesting from the point of view of literary criticism, they all fall under a certain classification, have their own artistic features and author's techniques. By the most famous and beloved fairy tales make films and cartoons.

So, we figured out what are fairy tales... Whatever the tale was not - the author's, folk, social, everyday, magic or telling about animals - it will definitely teach the reader something. The most interesting thing is that it doesn't matter who reads the story. Both adults and children will definitely learn something useful from it. Fairy tale will make everyone think, convey the wisdom of the people (or author) and will leave a lasting good impression in the minds of readers. The effect is not in the least exaggerated. There are even so-called therapeutic fairy tales, who are able to re-educate and wean from a variety of bad habits!

A literary tale as a genre, of course, is a full-fledged and full-fledged direction of literature. It seems that the demand for these works will never be exhausted, they will certainly and constantly be in demand by both children and adults of all ages. Today this genre is more versatile than ever. Literary tales and their authors are popular, although certain setbacks do occur. There is still a connection with folklore, but modern realities and details are also used. big enough. Trying to designate only the very best, you can write more than one sheet of paper. But still, let's try to do it in this article.

Features of a literary tale

How does it differ from folklore, folk. Well, firstly, by the fact that she has a specific author, writer or poet (if she is in poetry). And folklore, as you know, presupposes collective creativity. The peculiarity of a literary tale is that it combines the principles of both folklore and literature. You could say this: this is the next stage in the evolution of folklore. Indeed, many authors retell well-known plots of fairy tales, considered folk, using the same characters. And sometimes they come up with new original characters and talk about their adventures. The name may also be original. Hundreds of literary tales have been invented, but they all have specific authorship and a pronounced

A bit of history

Turning to the origins of the author's tale, one can conditionally note the Egyptian "About two brothers", recorded in the 13th century before. Also, remember the Greek epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey", the authorship of which is attributed to Homer. And in church parables - nothing more than a semblance of a literary tale. During the Renaissance, a list of literary tales would probably be a collection of short stories by famous writers.

The genre was further developed in the 17-18 centuries in European fairy tales by C. Perrault and A. Galland, Russian fairy tales by M. Chulkov. And in the 19th, a whole galaxy of brilliant authors in different countries uses a literary tale. European - Hoffmann, Andersen, for example. Russians - Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Leskov. A. Tolstoy, A. Lindgren, A. Milne, K. Chukovsky, B. Zakhoder, S. Marshak and many other equally famous authors expand the list of literary tales in the 20th century.

Pushkin's Tales

The concept of "literary author's tale" is perhaps best illustrated by the work of Alexander Pushkin. In principle, these works: the tales "About Tsar Saltan", "About the fisherman and the fish", "About the priest and his worker Balda", "About the golden cockerel", "About the dead princess and the seven heroes" - were not planned to be presented to the children's audience ... However, due to the circumstances and talent of the author, they soon found themselves on the children's reading list. Vivid images, well-remembered lines of poems put these tales in the category of unconditional classics of the genre. However, few know that Pushkin used as the basis for the plots of his works folk tales, such as "The Greedy Old Woman", "Batrak Shabarsh", "The Tale of Wonderful Children." And in folk art itself, the poet saw an inexhaustible source of images and plots.

List of literary tales

We can talk for a long time about the originality of retellings and alterations. But in this regard, it would be best to recall the well-known tale of Tolstoy "Buratino", which the author "copied" from Collodion's "Pinocchio". Carlo Collodi himself, in turn, used folk image wooden doll of a street theater. But "Buratino" is a completely different, author's tale. In many ways, according to some critics, it surpassed the original in terms of its literary and artistic value, according to at least, for the Russian-speaking reader.

From the original literary tales, where the heroes were invented by the author himself, two stories can be distinguished about Winnie the Pooh living with his friends in the Hundred Acre Forest. The magical and optimistic atmosphere created in the works, the characters of the inhabitants of the Forest, their characters are striking in their uniqueness. Although here, in terms of organizing the narrative, the technique previously used by Kipling was used.

Interesting in this context are the tales of Astrid Lindgren about the funny flying Carlson, who lives on the roof, and the Kid, who becomes his friend.

Screen adaptations of literary tales

It should be noted that literary tales are a fertile and inexhaustible material for film adaptations, fiction and "cartoons". Just what is the adaptation of the cycle of fairy tales by John Tolkien (Tolkien) about the adventures of the hobbit Baggins (in one of the first translations into Russian - Sumkins).

Or the world famous epic about young wizards and Harry Potter! And cartoons are innumerable. Here you have Carlson, the Wizard of the Emerald City, and other heroes, familiar to everyone from childhood, characters of literary tales.