Fiction - Publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing houses, printing and book trade. The largest and, in a sense, the oldest literary publishing house of the Soviet era. Its history goes back to the "State Publishing House of the RSFSR" (Gosizdat) - the first large Soviet publishing house, which was created in 1919 on the initiative of A.V. Lunacharsky. On the basis of his literary and artistic sector, the State Publishing House of Fiction (GIHL) was created in 1930, which from 1934 became known as Goslitizdat, and from 1963 - "Fiction".

It should be noted that, despite the renaming of the publishing house in 1963-1965 (especially when publishing previously started collections of works, the title continued to appear on the title "State Publishing House of Fiction"

The central office of the publishing house was located in Moscow

In 1967-1977, the publishing house carried out a unique publication - "Library of World Literature", since 1977 it has been publishing the multivolume "Library of Classics". This publishing house published many popular magazines of the Soviet era - "Roman-Gazeta", "Moscow", "Neva", "Children's Literature" and others.

In 1980, the publishing house was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Documents related to the history of the publishing house are stored in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art (RGALI). F. 613. (see: http: //guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guide ...)

Since October 21, 2010, on the basis of a government order Russian Federation No. 1822-r "On approval of the list of federal state unitary enterprises under the jurisdiction of Rospechat" acquired the status of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise.

In the 1990s, a kind of JSC “World Literature Publishing House” appeared (Address: 191186 St. Petersburg, Nevsky Prospect, 28. LR No. 070801 dated 28.12.92).

Fiction (prose) is one of the types of art that differs from the rest only in the material from which works are created - these are only words and artistic language. The result of creativity in fiction is works that reflect the epochs, have high artistic value and bring aesthetic pleasure.

Old Russian literature has 2 sources - church books (the Bible, Lives of the Saints) and folklore. It existed since the introduction of writing in Cyrillic (XI century) until the appearance of individual works of authorship (XVII century). Original works: "The Tale of Bygone Years" (a sample of chronicles), "The Word about Law and Grace", "Teachings to Children" (codes of laws), "The Word about Igor's Campaign" (by genre it resembles a story, with a logical development of events and reliability, artistic style).
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Peter's transformations were reflected not only in scientific and technical achievements Russia XVIII century, but also made a huge contribution to the development of national culture and art. Rather, they gave the latter a significant acceleration and radically changed the vector of development of Russian art. Until the 18th century, the development of Russian culture took place in isolation, even in isolation, which led to the development of authentic trends and genres closely related to the national and church trends. In European countries at the same time, literature finally separated from the church and became secular. It was this secularity - creative freedom and the breadth of genres inherent in the European era of the Enlightenment - that was lacking in Russia.

Russian literature during the 18th century developed under the influence of European literature, lagging behind it by about 100 years and going through the following stages:

• early XVIII century - panegyric, hagiographic literature,
• ser. XVIII century - classicism, sentimentalism (Lomonosov, Karamzin, Radishchev),
• end of the 18th century - the dominance of sentimentalism, preparation for romatism.

« Golden age"Russian literature. Into the history of Russian literature XIX century inscribed many names that have received worldwide recognition: A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. During this period, the formation of the Russian literary language takes place, such literary trends as sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism, writers and poets are mastering new literary forms and techniques. Drama and the art of satire reach unprecedented heights.

The development of romanticism (until the 1840s) and realism (from the 1850s to the end of the century), from the 1890s the directions of the Silver Age have been developing. The most important functions of literature are considered critical, morally formative, socio-political, the most important genre is the novel. Romantics: Lermontov, Pushkin, realists: Gogol, Turgenev, Lev Tolstoy, Chekhov.

Russian literature of the 20th century is represented by three brightest periods: the era of the "Silver Age" with its contradictions and innovations, the war era with its deep patriotism, and the huge period of the second half of the century when socialist realism flourished.

• In the beginning. XX century romanticism is reviving - for the poeticization of revolutionary events.
• 30-40s of XX century - active intervention of the party in culture leads to stratification of writers. Some in emigration develop a realistic genre, others create in socialist realism (a direction that depicts a working person on the path to communism).
• 40-50s of the middle of XX century - "trench", lieutenant or military prose. A realistic depiction of the 1941-45 war, where the author is an eyewitness to the events.
• 60-80s of XX century - the period of the "thaw", the development of "village" prose.
• 90th years of the end of XX century - avant-garde, post-Soviet realism, gravitation towards "chernukha" - intentionally exaggerated cruelty, uncensoredness.

Foreign literature

Foreign literature originated in Greece during antiquity and became the basis for all existing types of literature. Formed principles artistic creation Aristotle.

With the advent of Christianity, church texts spread, all medieval literature in Europe (IV-XIII centuries) - the processing of church texts, and the Renaissance (from the XIV century, Dante, Shakespeare, Rabelais) - their rethinking and repulsion from the church, the creation of secular literature.

The Literature of the Enlightenment is a celebration of the human mind. Sentimentalism, romanticism (Rousseau, Diderot, Defoe, Swift).

XX century - modernism and postmodernism. Glorification of the mental, sexual in man (Proust, Hemingway, Marquez).

Literary criticism

Criticism is an organic and inseparable part of all literary art as a whole, and a critic must definitely have a bright talent for both a writer and a publicist. Truly talentedly written critical articles can force the reader to look at a previously read work from a completely new angle, draw completely new conclusions and discoveries, and can even radically change their assessments and judgments on a particular topic.

Literary criticism has close ties with the modern life of society, with its experiences, philosophical and aesthetic ideals of a particular era, contributes to the development of the literary creative process, and has a powerful influence on the formation of social consciousness ..

Literary directions

The unity of the creative features of writers who create within a certain historical period is usually called literary direction, a variety of which can be separate currents and movements. The use of identical artistic techniques, the similarity of the worldview and life priorities, close aesthetic views allow a number of masters to be attributed to specific branches of literary art of the 19th-20th centuries.

What is fiction? What are its features, why is literature considered art? The huge number of books in the home library of most people suggests that reading and perception plays an important role in our life. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the definition of the concept of "fiction", learn about what kinds, types and genres it is divided into, what makes its language remarkable. You will learn about all this and much more from the material below.

Definition of fiction

Almost all literary theorists define it as art, comparing it with painting, music, theater. The bottom line is that in literature, as in any other art, there is an organization of meaningless material in new form with specific ideological content. The types of art differ only in material: in music - sounds, in painting - paints, in architecture - building materials. In this vein, literature is special in that its material is only word and language.

Thus, literature is all written texts, which in turn are divided into groups. This is popular science, reference, educational, scientific, technical and, finally, fiction. We come across the latter from the first years of life, at school when we get acquainted with the classics of fiction, in adulthood, when a person consciously turns to the book of interest to him. Books are the mirror of society. In a broader interpretation, fiction is those written works that have artistic value and aesthetic value.

It is interesting that this view was finally formed in the 19th century thanks to the representatives of romanticism. They viewed artistic reality as aesthetically unique, and writers as special people.

When and how did literature appear?

They have been trying to find the answer to this question for quite some time. How did it all start? In search of answers, people conducted a huge amount of research, refuted and proved a myriad of hypotheses, analyzed the material and the people who created it. As it turned out, classical - Roman and Greek - fiction is not the most ancient. There were also Sumerian, and Egyptian, and Babylonian - refined and developed literature. A very important role is played by oral forms of literature, beliefs of ancient peoples, mythology of entire civilizations. It is with myths or similar forms that the study of any literature begins.

Childbirth of fiction

There are three kinds: epic, lyrical and dramatic. This division is based on how the content of the work is presented to the reader. If the events are told in detail, the position of the author is removed, various characters are present, their appearance is described in detail, and the leading type of speech is narration, then we are talking about an epic kind of literature. In other words, about prose. It includes stories, novels, essays, novels and other similar works.

If the author wants to tell not so much about the events, but about the feelings that they caused, he creates works related to the lyrics. Within this kind of literature, many genres of different sizes and forms are distinguished, most of which are characterized by the presence of rhyme, rhythm and other elements characteristic of lyrics. In simple words, lyrics - and their variations.

If an object is depicted in action, it is possible to play it out on stage, show it to the viewer and the reader, we are talking about a dramatic kind of literature. Here the author's voice sounds only in the directions - the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the main characters. Various plays, tragedies, and comedies belong to the dramatic genus.

Division into genres

As mentioned above, the genres of literature, in turn, include various genres - historically formed groups of works that are united by certain common features. These are, for example, novels, stories, stories, comedies, poems, poems. There is also such a thing as a species. For example, an epic novel would be divided into genres of utopian novel, parable novel, historical novel, and so on. The number is very large. It is interesting that the combination of different genres is popular, and the bolder the combination, the more original the "creation" of the writer will be.

Language as the main feature of works of art

To better understand what fiction is and what its features are, one should consider the specifics of its language. Today in literary criticism there is no clear distinction between the concepts of "artistic speech" and "artistic style". It's easier to simply combine them into the concept of "artistic language".

Artistic speech is multi-style. There are different styles with their own characteristics and rules, in which different ones are used. Their choice depends on the author and his ideas. Each style has its own "face" - a set of elements characteristic only of it. Interestingly, in fiction words and phrases can be used that are not included in the "literary language" - argot, slang words, lexical units from various dialects. Some writers deliberately violate the norm. Anyone performs an aesthetic function. Words-concepts are translated by writers into words-images. Features of fiction also include vivid emotionality and expression. It should be noted that one more important function of literature, in addition to the aesthetic one, is communicative. Words in not only provide information, but also affect readers emotionally.

What is the role of the author's main tool?

What is fiction? Let's try to answer this question in an accessible way. Fiction is a collection of the best images, ideas, thoughts, words. By the way, words are the author's main tool. With their help, the author's idea, the content of the book is realized, an image is created and the addressee is influenced.

The value of fiction

World fiction influences the formation of the personality and worldview of readers. It is very difficult to exaggerate the effect that it has on the mind of the reader. Verbal art has long been a part of our life. What role does it play? What is fiction? First of all, this is history. It is passed down from generation to generation, carrying the experience and values \u200b\u200bof our predecessors. Great writers turned to the human consciousness and probably hoped that this appeal applies not only to their contemporaries, but also to people in the future.

The fact that literature is capable of influencing consciousness is supported by many examples. Often the artistic word played the role of an ideological weapon. In the history of literature, there are many cases when works were used for propaganda and the formation of a certain opinion. Fiction is a powerful tool with which you can convey norms, rules, principles, vision of the world, attitude to information received to a person.

Conclusion

Reading fiction is an essential component of the personal development of every person. From books, be they novels, poems or plays, readers learn about life, take lessons, draw inspiration. Fiction is a treasure trove historical facts, the experience of previous generations, the thoughts of the main philosophers of the past and present. It is not for nothing that literature is considered an art that, with the help of simple words influences consciousness. In addition, the love of books is instilled from the very birth also because reading develops imagination, teaches to imagine situations and draw images. All books that are recognized as classical, develop and teach, give knowledge, and Russian fiction is no exception.

Have you ever thought about the fact that any of your actions can lead to a series of incredible events? That just one decision will give you a choice? Life or death? Are you or your family? And if this same family hates you?

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

The writer Karpov escapes from America that has become inhospitable for him, returns to Moscow, to the USSR, where General Secretary Shelepin now rules. How the life of a fugitive writer in his native country will turn out, what will happen to him next - life will show.

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

It's not easy being a half-breed, even if you're a princess. The courtiers always strive to put in place, the favorites of the father are trying to exile to the monastery, and the daddy himself dreams of marrying. And even picked up the groom. True, the latter, after meeting me, decided that it was too early to marry him and ran away. And so that the child would not be lost, dad sent me to the academy. I wonder how long it will last.

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

He is called Maestro L "Ombre. He is an aristocrat and the best detective in all of Albizia. His sharp mind has helped solve many crimes. He believes in logic, science and evidence, he is arrogant and sarcastic. Loves strong coffee and walks with a massive cane.
Her name is Mia. She owns a tiny shop in a poor neighborhood, sells spices and incense, read cards and coffee grounds. She loves apples, wears bright skirts and despises the aristocratic world. She believes in intuition, signs and prophetic dreams.
They live in too different worlds, but one day their paths crossed due to a series of strange deaths and yellow magnolia petals.

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

If the future chief is still a demon, it is simply impossible to refuse his offer. And it is almost not even important that his character is not sugar, and the proposed position of personal assistant to the head of the demonic bestiarium is not at all what he dreamed of. After all, the main thing is that they were able to discern a valuable specialist in yesterday's graduate and they offer to do exactly what the soul is in. Demons!
Well, the fact that the boss can be investigated on the sly is just a nice bonus. That's just ... Why is it that he often visits without warning and does not skimp on compliments? We didn't agree so!

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

AI with falling into the 19th century ... The Greek rode across the river ... not like that. The man went on a business trip ... again not so ... A construction foreman, well over forty, got into a serious accident on an interurban highway and ... woke up in the same place, but the century before last. He is not a scientist, not a historian, not a commando, an ordinary man in the street. Having found out where he was brought, he is trying to survive, to merge with the environment, to return with luck. But what will come of it and will it come out ...

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

Lizaveta had a family, and she was gone. There were prospects, but they disappeared with the death of their beloved father. There were only sisters left, a weak aunt and a desire for revenge, which led Lizaveta to "Gossip". The newspaper, in the opinion of the public, is disgusting, but popular among the people. And the voice of the people, as you know, is capable of much.
But the head of Lizavetin's aspirations does not share, and he is not the only one ... many did not like Nikanor the Just because of his sneakiness. However, he will have to calm down, since another matter was found: a beauty contest is about to take place in the Arsian Empire. And who else but Lizavete to cover it?
True.
And preferably from the inside ... the main thing is not to get into politics. Lizaveta did not intend to. It somehow came out by itself.

Fiction \u003e\u003e Science Fiction / Fantasy

Having left her native estate for the capital, Nastya thought that she would be able to free her father, who was imprisoned in the fortress on charges of conspiracy against the empress. And she almost succeeded, if not for one "but": by order of the Empress, she should marry, but not for someone, but for a werewolf ... but before her death, Nastina's mother punished the girl to keep her witch power, especially from werewolves, after all, they are ... but what they are, werewolves who are guarding the empress, Nastya has to learn.

Fiction \u003e\u003e Poetry / Prose

The publication is the most complete commented collection of N.Ya. Mandelstam's works, prepared on the basis of all published and archival materials identified to date.
The present two-volume collected works of N. Ya. Mandelstam include her memoirs, essays, articles and notes, including fragmentary ones. It does not include the author's abstract of her dissertation, essays published under the pseudonym "N. Yakovleva" in the almanac "Tarusa Pages" (Kaluga, 1961), interviews, and extensive - and still not collected - correspondence.
The collection is based on three large memoir texts - "Memoirs", "On Akhmatova" and "Second Book", the work on which took place alternately and sequentially, respectively in 1958-1965, 1966-1967 and 1967-1970, and the text "On Akhmatova "is, in fact, the first edition of the Second Book. The books "Memoirs" and "About Akhmatova" form the basis of the first volume of the collection, and the "Second Book" is the basis of the second, the rest of the material in each of the volumes is arranged chronologically.
Compared to previous editions, significant changes have been made to the texts of the books, based on taking into account all the sources identified to date.

What is fiction? We learn about her with early childhoodwhen mom reads a bedtime story. If we ask this question seriously and talk about literature in general, about its types and genres, then, of course, we will also remember scientific literature, and about documentary prose. Anyone, even without a philological education, will be able to distinguish fiction from other genres. How?

Fiction: definition

To begin with, let's define what fiction is. As textbooks and reference books say, this is an art form that, with the help of the written word, expresses the consciousness of society, its essence, views, mood. It is thanks to books that we find out what people thought about at one time or another, how they lived, what they felt, how they talked, what they were afraid of, what values \u200b\u200bthey had. You can read a history textbook and know the dates, but it is fiction that will describe in detail the life and life of people.

Fiction: features

To answer the question of what fiction is, you need to know that all books are divided into fiction and non-fiction. What's the Difference? Here are examples of sentences from fiction.

“The second I decided for myself that I didn't want to be here to death, the lock rattled on the door behind me and Fred, tired after the night shift, appeared. He stared at the strangers who filled his house with a terrible stench and unwound paper napkins everywhere ". This is an excerpt from Danny King's first book, The Diary of a Robber. He shows us the main features of fiction - description and action. In fiction there is always a hero - even if it is a story written in the first person, where the author himself seems to fall in love, rob or travel. Well, without descriptions, too, nowhere, otherwise how can we understand in which environment the heroes operate, what surrounds them, where they go. The description allows us to imagine what the hero looks like, his clothes, his voice. And we form our own idea of \u200b\u200bthe hero: we see him the way our imagination helps us to see him in conjunction with the desire of the author. We paint a portrait, the author helps us. That's what fiction is.

Fiction or truth?

What conclusion do we come to? Fiction is fiction, it is the heroes invented by the author, invented events, and sometimes non-existent places. The writer is given complete freedom of action - he can do whatever he wants with his characters: send them to the past or the future, to the ends of the earth, kill, resurrect, take offense, steal a million from the bank. If you dig deeper, then, of course, everyone understands that heroes have prototypes. But often they are so far from the book people that it is almost impossible to draw a parallel. The author can only borrow the manner of speaking, walking, and describe a habit. It happens that a real man pushes the writer to create a hero and a book. So, Alice Lindell encouraged Lewis Carroll to write the favorite book of many children "Alice in Wonderland", and one of the sons of Arthur and Sylvia Davis, friends of Barry James, became the prototype of Peter Pan. Even in historical novels, the boundaries of fiction and truth are always blurred, what can we say about science fiction then? If we take an excerpt from a news feed, from a newspaper, we will know that these are facts. But if we read the same passage on the first page of the novel, it would never even occur to us to believe in the reality of what is happening.

What are the goals of fiction?

Literature teaches us. Since childhood, the poems about Moidodyr teach us to observe hygiene, and the story about Tom Sawyer - that punishment follows a misconduct. What does literature teach adults? For example, courage. Read Vasil Bykov's secret story about two partisans - Sotnikov and Rybak. Sotnikov, sick, emaciated by the hard road, crippled during interrogations, staunchly holds on to the last and even for fear of death does not betray his comrades. And there is a lot to learn from Rybak's example. Having betrayed his comrade and himself, he goes over to the side of the enemy, which he regrets later, but the way back is cut off, the way back is only through death. And, perhaps, he is more punished than the hanged comrade. Everything is like from childhood: without punishment there is no offense.

So, the goals of fiction are clearly defined: to show by the example of heroes how to act and how not to; tell about the time and place where events take place, and pass on the accumulated experience to the next generation.

De gustibus non est disputandum, or there is no dispute about tastes

Remember at the end of each class before summer vacation Did the teacher give us a list of fiction books that needed to be read by September? And many were tormented all summer, barely moving up this list. Indeed, reading what you do not like is simply not interesting. Everyone chooses for himself - "one loves a watermelon, another pork cartilage", as Saltykov-Shchedrin said. If a person says that he does not like to read, he simply did not find his book. Someone loves to travel in time with science fiction writers, someone to solve crimes in detective novels, someone is thrilled by love scenes in novels. There is no single recipe, just as there is no author who would be liked by everyone and perceived equally by everyone, because we perceive fiction subjectively, starting from our age, social status, emotional and moral component.

How many people - so many opinions?

The question of what is fiction can be answered like this: it is literature outside of time and places. It does not have clearly limited functions, like a dictionary or instructions for a washing machine, but it has a more important function: it educates, criticizes, gives us a rest from reality. Fiction books are ambiguous, they cannot be interpreted in the same way - this is not a recipe for carrot cake, when a dozen people follow the instructions step by step and end up with the same baked goods. Everything here is purely individual. The book "Schindler's Ark" by Kenilli Thomas Michael cannot be assessed in the same way: someone will condemn the German who saved people, someone will keep this image in their hearts as an example of dignity and humanity.