Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties as a result of anthropogenic intake of various substances and compounds. It leads or may lead in the future to harmful effects on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, vegetation and animal world, on buildings, structures, materials, on the person himself. It suppresses the ability of nature to self-repair its properties.
Human pollution has a long history. More residents ancient rome complained about the pollution of the waters of the Tiber River. inhabitants of Athens and Ancient Greece worried about the pollution of the waters of the port of Piraeus. Already in the Middle Ages, laws on environmental protection appeared.
The main source of pollution is the return to nature of that huge mass of waste that is formed in the process of production and consumption of human society. Already in 1970 they amounted to 40 billion tons, and by the end of the 20th century. increased to 100 billion tons. In this case, one should distinguish between quantitative and qualitative pollution.
Quantitative pollution of the environment occurs as a result of the return to it of those substances and compounds that occur in nature in a natural state, but in much smaller quantities (for example, these are compounds of iron and other metals).
Qualitative pollution of the environment is associated with the entry into it of substances and compounds unknown to nature, created primarily by the industry of organic synthesis.
Pollution of the lithosphere (soil cover) occurs as a result of industrial, construction and agricultural activities. At the same time, metals and their compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, and radioactive substances act as the main pollutants, the concentration of which leads to a change in chemical composition soils. The problem of the accumulation of household waste is also becoming more and more complex; It is no coincidence that in the West, in relation to our time, the term "garbage civilization" is sometimes used.
And this is not to mention the complete destruction of the soil cover as a result, first of all, of open-pit mining, the depth of which - including in Russia - sometimes reaches 500 m or even more. The so-called badlands ("bad lands"), which have completely or almost completely lost their productivity, occupy already 1% of the land surface.
Pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of the discharge into rivers, lakes and seas of industrial, agricultural and domestic Wastewater. By the end of the 90s. the total world volume of wastewater has approached 5 thousand km3 per year, or 25% of the "water ration" of the Earth. But since these waters require on average 10 times more pure water to dilute, they actually pollute a much larger volume of channel water. It is not difficult to guess what exactly in this, and not only in the growth of direct water intake - main reason aggravation of the problem of fresh water.
Many rivers are heavily polluted - the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Thames, Tiber, Mississippi. Ohio, Volga, Dnieper, Don, Dniester. Nile, Ganges, etc. The pollution of the World Ocean is also growing, the "health" of which is threatened simultaneously from the coast, from the surface, from the bottom, from rivers and the atmosphere. Every year, the ocean enters great amount waste. The most polluted are the inland and marginal seas - the Mediterranean, Northern, Irish, Baltic, Black, Azov, inland Japanese, Javanese, Caribbean, as well as the Biscay, Persian, Mexican and Guinean bays.
The Mediterranean Sea is the largest inland sea on Earth, the cradle of several great civilizations. 18 countries are located on its shores, 130 million people live, 260 ports are located. In addition, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the main areas of world shipping: it simultaneously hosts 2.5 thousand long-distance ships and 5 thousand coastal ships. 300-350 million tons of oil pass through its routes annually. As a result, this sea in the 60-70s. almost turned into the main "garbage pit" of Europe.
Pollution affected not only the inland seas, but also the central parts of the oceans. The threat to deep-sea basins is growing: there have been cases of burial of toxic substances and radioactive materials in them.
But oil pollution poses a particular danger to the Ocean. As a result of oil leakage during its extraction, transportation and processing, it annually enters the World Ocean (according to different sources) from 3 to 10 million tons of oil and oil products. Space images show that already about 1/3 of its entire surface is covered with an oily film, which reduces evaporation, inhibits the development of plankton, and limits the interaction of the Ocean with the atmosphere. The Atlantic Ocean is the most oil polluted. The movement of surface water in the ocean leads to the spread of pollution over long distances.
Atmospheric pollution occurs as a result of the work of industry, transport, as well as various furnaces, which together annually throw billions of tons of solid and gaseous particles into the wind. The main air pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which are formed primarily during the combustion of mineral fuels, as well as oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, mercury, aluminum and other metals.
Sulfur dioxide is the main source of so-called acid rain, which is especially widespread in Europe and North America. Acid precipitation reduces crop yields, destroys forests and other vegetation, destroys life in river reservoirs, destroys buildings, and adversely affects human health.
In Scandinavia, which receives acid rain mainly from the UK and Germany, 20,000 lives have died. lakes, salmon, trout and other fish have disappeared. In many countries Western Europe catastrophic loss of forests. The same destruction of forests began in Russia.
The effects of acid precipitation can not withstand not only living organisms, but also stone.
A particular problem is the increase in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. If in the middle of the XX century. worldwide CO2 emission was about 6 billion tons, then at the end of the century it exceeded 25 billion tons. The main responsibility for these emissions lies with the economically developed countries of the northern hemisphere. But recently, carbon emissions have also increased significantly in some developing countries due to the development of industry and especially energy. You know that such emissions threaten humanity with the so-called greenhouse effect and global warming. And the growing emission of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) has already led to the formation of huge "ozone holes" and the partial destruction of the "ozone barrier". Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. indicates that cases of radioactive contamination of the atmosphere also cannot be completely excluded.
In 2015, the Company continued to implement the activities of the 5th Corporate Environmental Safety Program of LUKOIL Group entities for 2014-2018. Last year, about 48.2 billion rubles were allocated for environmental protection purposes.
The most significant financial resources in 2015 were allocated by LUKOIL Group entities to:
- · protection of atmospheric air (27.4 billion rubles, more than 57% of the total cost of environmental protection), incl. RUB 18.23 billion - to increase the level of APG utilization, about 8 billion rubles. - for the construction of installations for the purification of products (oil and oil products) and exhaust gases from compounds that pollute the atmospheric air, installations for the recovery of vapors of oil products;
- · prevention and liquidation of consequences of emergencies, incl. diagnostics and replacement of pipelines, their inhibitor protection (12.9 billion rubles, 27%);
- measures for the disposal of production waste (1.1 billion rubles, more than measures for the protection and rational use water resources(4 billion rubles, 8%).
STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURES IN 2015
Clean air (including APG projects) -57.00%
Prevention of accidents-27.00
Other-6.00%
Pure water-8.00%
Waste-2.00%
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Main events in 2015 |
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Rational use of water resources, prevention of pollution of water bodies |
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Reducing emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere |
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Disposal of accumulated oily waste |
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Pollution Prevention and Land Management |
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Biodiversity conservation |
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COSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES
The increase in the share of excess payments in 2012 was due to legislative innovations. Since 2012, an increased fee has been charged for excess APG flaring (see the APG Utilization section). Since 2013, the costs of measures for the beneficial use of APG have been recognized as environmental protection.
In 2015, a decrease in key specific indicators of environmental impact was recorded, while stabilization is observed for the rest. For the dynamics of specific indicators of environmental impact for all business sectors of the Company, see the Sustainability Report of the LUKOIL Group.
The main share of air pollution emissions of the LUKOIL Group is accounted for by the oil and gas producing companies of the LUKOIL Group (hereinafter referred to as OGDO) (85%), in turn, at the current level of APG use, its combustion products cause up to 65% of the total volume of OGDO emissions.
In 2015, the level of APG utilization in the LUKOIL Group as a whole increased by almost 2 percentage points from 90.1% to 92.0%, while the target level of APG utilization in 2015 - 90.9% was significantly exceeded.
At the Company's fields in Western Siberia, in the Baltic and in the Lower Volga region, including the Northern Caspian, the level of APG utilization has already reached the level set by the Government Russian Federation indicator - 95%. Achievement of 95% APG utilization for the LUKOIL Group as a whole is forecasted in 2019.
In order to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, the Company's refineries in Russia implemented the following main activities in 2015: construction of a combined sulfur production unit with amine recovery sections, acid waste stripping, tail gas cleaning, sulfur granulation at OOO LUKOIL-Volgogradneftepererabotka and reconstruction of a gas desulfurization unit from hydrogen sulfide and process furnaces at OOO LUKOIL-Permnefteorgsintez.
Significant attention is paid by all interested parties to the protection of water resources. The share of polluted or insufficiently treated wastewater (these are waters that have undergone preliminary treatment, but by some indicators have not reached the standards specified for fishery water bodies) in the total volume of wastewater from LUKOIL Group organizations is less than 1%. In 2015, the volume of polluted/insufficiently treated wastewater decreased by 8%.
The consolidated indicator of the ratio of waste disposal to their generation in 2015 is 0.9.
Consequences of accidents over the past three years: 2013 - 56.8 tons; 2014 - 106.6 tons; 2015 - 25.3 tons of oil and oil products collected and disposed of as a result of work carried out to eliminate emergency spills.
Diagnostics and overhaul of pipeline transport, its inhibitor protection make it possible to keep the specific indicator of pipeline ruptures (pieces per km per year) at approximately the same level: 2013 - 0.156, 2014 - 0.147, 2015 - 0.150.
The share of pipelines of the LUKOIL Group annually replaced in 2015 amounted to 2.4% of their total length.
Topic: "Pollution of the natural environment, sources and measures to combat and protect the natural environment"
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INTRODUCTION………………………………….……………………………... 1. The concept of "pollution of the natural environment" and its main types……… 2. Sources of environmental pollution……………………………. 3. Measures to combat pollution of the natural environment and methods of protecting the natural environment……………………………………………………………… CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………... |
INTRODUCTION
Relevance of the research topic is that at present anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment has acquired a huge scope. This led to serious environmental, economic, social consequences for society, which manifests itself in the deterioration of the natural environment, the need for significant financial investments for its restoration, a sharp decrease in life expectancy compared to developed countries.
The relevance of the research topic is also caused by the need to develop organizational and legal measures to ensure the protection of the natural environment from pollution: environmental control, observation, economic measures.
Purpose of the study : to study the problems of pollution of the natural environment, as well as to consider the sources of its pollution, measures to combat and protect the natural environment.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Define the concept of "environmental pollution" and its main types;
2. Consider the main sources of environmental pollution;
3. Analyze measures to combat pollution of the natural environment and methods for protecting the natural environment.
1. The concept of "environmental pollution" and its main types
Pollution of the natural environment - the introduction into the environment or the emergence in it of new (uncharacteristic for it) physical, chemical or biological agents, or the excess of the natural average long-term concentration of the same agents in the period under consideration. There are natural and anthropogenic pollution.
Under environmental pollution author Snakin V.V. understands “changes in the properties of the environment (chemical, mechanical, physical, biological and information related to them), occurring as a result of natural or artificial processes and leading to a deterioration in the functions of the environment in relation to any biological or technological object” 1 .
Using various elements of the environment in their activities, a person changes its quality. Often these changes are expressed in an unfavorable form of pollution 2 .
Pollution of the environment is the entry into it of harmful substances that can harm human health, inorganic nature, flora and fauna, or become an obstacle in one or another human activity. Of course, pollution caused by human activities (they are called anthropogenic) must be distinguished from natural pollution. Usually, when talking about pollution, they mean exactly anthropogenic pollution and evaluate it by comparing the power of natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution 3 .
Due to the large amounts of human waste entering the environment, the ability of the environment to self-purify is at the limit. A significant part of these wastes is alien to the natural environment: they are either toxic to microorganisms that decompose complex organic substances and turn them into simple inorganic compounds, or they are not decomposed at all and therefore accumulate in various parts of the environment. Even those substances that are familiar to the environment, entering it in too large quantities, can change its quality and affect ecological systems.
Pollution of the environment is the introduction of new physical, chemical and biological agents that are not characteristic of it or the excess of their natural level.
Consider the main types of pollution:
Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive);
Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals);
Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic);
Informational (information noise, false information, anxiety factors 1 .
Any chemical contamination is the appearance chemical in a place not meant for him. Pollution arising from human activity is the main factor in its harmful impact on the natural environment.
Chemical pollutants can cause acute poisoning, chronic diseases, and also have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. For example, heavy metals can accumulate in plant and animal tissues, causing a toxic effect. In addition to heavy metals, especially dangerous pollutants are chlordioxins, which are formed from chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons used in the production of herbicides. Sources of environmental pollution with dioxins are also by-products of the pulp and paper industry, waste from the metallurgical industry, and exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. These substances are very toxic to humans and animals even at low concentrations and cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and immune system 1 .
Along with pollution of the environment with synthetic substances new to it, great damage to nature and human health can be caused by interference in the natural cycles of substances due to active industrial and agricultural activities, as well as the formation of household waste.
2. Sources of environmental pollution
The atmosphere (air environment), hydrosphere (water environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are exposed to pollution. Consider the types of sources of environmental pollution, taking into account the place of pollution.
Table 1. Sources of environmental pollution 1
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Place pollution |
Main sources of pollution |
Major harmful substances |
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Atmosphere |
Industry Transport Thermal power plants |
Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen organic compounds industrial dust |
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Hydrosphere |
Wastewater oil leaks Motor transport |
Heavy metals Oil products |
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Lithosphere |
Waste from industry and agriculture Overuse of Fertilizers |
plastics Heavy metals |
The source of environmental pollution is human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport). In cities, the largest share of pollution comes from transport (70-80%). Among industrial enterprises, metallurgical enterprises are considered the most "dirty" - 93.4%. They are followed by energy enterprises - first of all, thermal power plants - 27%, 9% - fall on the enterprises of the chemical industry, 12% - oil and 7% of the gas industry.
Although the chemical industry is not the main source of pollution (Fig. 1), it is characterized by emissions that are most dangerous for the environment, humans, animals and plants (Fig. 2) 2 .
Rice. 1. Atmospheric pollution by various industries
Fig.2. Environmental pollution with hazardous waste. The main share of hazardous waste is generated by the products of the chemical industry.
The term "hazardous waste" is applied to any kind of waste that may harm health or the environment when stored, transported, processed or disposed of. These include toxic substances, flammable wastes, corrosive wastes and other reactive substances 1 .
Natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins, as well as oil. The decomposition products of oil are toxic, and the oil film, which isolates water from air, leads to the death of living organisms (primarily plankton) in the water. The strongest pollutants of the environment are industrial waste, household waste. Every year, more than 20 tons of waste falls on one inhabitant of the Earth. Of these, dioxins are considered especially dangerous. By the Decree of the Government of November 5, 1995, a federal target program on dioxins was adopted. It includes the following block of questions: development of standards for the content of dioxins in emissions and discharges from industrial enterprises and waste incineration plants; development of standards for the content of dioxins in soil, drinking water, in the air; assessment of the scale and degree of contamination of open regions of Russia with dioxins; development of technologies and methods for the neutralization of dioxins and others, which to some extent should lead to a decrease in environmental pollution by this toxicant.
During the period of economic reforms, the organizational and legal forms of agriculture were transformed. However, due to the lack of financial resources, agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership do not carry out environmental protection measures on livestock farms, uncontrollably use mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals, which initially accumulate in the soil, and then, together with rain flows, enter the rivers, polluting agricultural products and the natural environment. . In our opinion, it is necessary to strengthen control over the activities of rural producers, to more actively apply measures of administrative, criminal, civil liability to legal entities and individuals who do not carry out environmental measures 1 .
Motor transport is a strong pollutant of the environment. Vehicle emissions are a mixture of substances that are very harmful to health. However, today there is no single body involved in the development and implementation of comprehensive programs on environmental safety in relation to the field of road transport, there is no methodology for organizing traffic, developed taking into account environmental requirements. During the period of market reforms in Russia, the number of non-state enterprises increased, which, in pursuit of obtaining large incomes, do not pay attention to environmental protection measures. There is no single package of normative legal acts regulating environmental relations, which should provide for liability for environmental offenses in the field of road transport.
In addition to the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances in the soil as a result of human activity, damage to the lands is caused by the burial and dumping of industrial and domestic wastes 1 .
Water pollutants are also organic waste. Their oxidation consumes an additional amount of oxygen. If the oxygen content is too low, the normal life of most aquatic organisms becomes impossible. Aerobic bacteria that need oxygen also die, and bacteria develop instead that use sulfur compounds for their vital activity. A sign of the appearance of such bacteria is the smell of hydrogen sulfide - one of the products of their vital activity.
As a result, we can say that one of the main environmental pollutants is agricultural production. Significant masses of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are artificially introduced into the system of circulation of chemical elements in the form of mineral fertilizers. Their excess, not assimilated by plants, is actively involved in water migration. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in natural water bodies causes increased growth of aquatic vegetation, overgrowth of water bodies and pollution of them with dead plant residues and decomposition products. In addition, the abnormally high content of soluble nitrogen compounds in the soil leads to an increase in the concentration of this element in agricultural food and drinking water. It can cause serious illness in humans.
3. Measures to combat pollution of the natural environment and methods of protecting the natural environment
The main measures to combat air pollution are strict control of emissions of harmful substances. Toxic starting products are replaced by non-toxic ones, the transition to closed cycles is practiced, and gas cleaning and dust collection methods are being improved. Of great importance is the optimization of the location of enterprises to reduce transport emissions, as well as the competent application of economic sanctions.
International cooperation plays an important role in protecting the environment from chemical pollution. So, for example, in the 1970s, a decrease in the concentration of O3 was found in the ozone layer, which protects our planet from the dangerous effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. In 1974, it was established that ozone is destroyed by the action of atomic chlorine. One of the main sources of chlorine entering the atmosphere are chlorofluoro derivatives of hydrocarbons (freons, freons) used in aerosol cans, refrigerators and air conditioners. The destruction of the ozone layer occurs, perhaps, not only under the influence of these substances. However, measures have been taken to reduce their production and use. In 1985, many countries agreed to protect the ozone layer. The exchange of information and joint research on changes in the concentration of atmospheric ozone continue 1 .
Carrying out measures to prevent the ingress of pollutants into water bodies includes the establishment of coastal protective strips and water protection zones, the rejection of poisonous chlorine-containing pesticides, and the reduction of discharges from industrial enterprises through the use of closed cycles. Reducing the risk of oil pollution is possible by improving the reliability of tankers 1 .
To prevent pollution of the Earth's surface, preventive measures are needed - to prevent contamination of soils with industrial and domestic sewage, solid domestic and industrial wastes, and sanitary cleaning of the soil and the territory of populated areas where such violations have been identified.
The most effective solution to the problem of environmental pollution would be non-waste production, which does not have sewage, gas emissions and solid waste. However, waste-free production today and in the foreseeable future is fundamentally impossible, for its implementation it is necessary to create a cyclic system of matter and energy flows that is uniform for the entire planet. If the loss of matter, at least theoretically, can still be prevented, then the environmental problems of energy will still remain. Thermal pollution cannot be avoided in principle, and so-called clean energy sources, such as wind farms, still damage the environment 2 .
To date, the only way to significantly reduce environmental pollution is low-waste technologies. Currently, low-waste industries are being created, in which emissions of harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MAC), and waste does not lead to irreversible changes in nature. The complex processing of raw materials, the combination of several industries, the use of solid waste for the manufacture of building materials 3 are used.
There are the following main ways to reduce environmental pollution: waste-free production, low-waste production, complex processing of raw materials, new technologies and materials. New technologies and materials are being created, environmentally friendly fuels, new energy sources that reduce environmental pollution 1 .
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I would like to say that environmental pollution has a history almost as long as the history of mankind itself. For a long time, primitive man differed little from other animal species and, in an ecological sense, was in balance with the environment. In addition, the human population was small.
Over time, as a result of the development of the biological organization of people, their mental abilities, the human race stood out among other species: the first species of living beings arose, the impact of which on all living things is a potential threat to the balance in nature.
At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrial society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this interference has expanded, it has begun to express various manifestations and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. Man has to intervene more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact.
In conclusion, it should be noted that in the context of the expected growth in production volumes, constantly increasing vehicle emissions, without the adoption of effective environmental measures, the negative trend in environmental pollution levels may become even more aggravated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ardashkin, I.B. Social ecology. Distance learning: textbook / I.B. Ardashkin. - Tomsk: Publishing House of TPU, 2009. - 116 p.
Types and scale of the negative impact of man and industry on the natural environment // Nature Management: Textbook / Ed. E.A. Arustamova. - M., 2008. - S.80-87.
Markovich, Danilo Zh. Social ecology: Monograph / D. Zh. Markovich. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples, 2007. - 436 p.
Problems of social ecology: Collection of scientific papers. - Kemerovo: Publishing house KuzPI, 2007. - 99 p.
Snakin V.V. Ecology and protection of nature: Dictionary-reference book. - M.: Academy, 2008. p. 17.
Social ecology: theoretical and applied aspects: textbook / ed. ed. V. G. Raskin. - Kemerovo: Publishing House of the Kuzbass State University, 2006. - 135 p.
The modern world and its impact on the environment // Life safety / Ed. E.A. Arustamov. – M., 2008. – P.47-59.
Anthropogenic environmental pollution: causes and consequences. You already know a lot about environmental pollution from previous geography courses, and it cannot but disturb you. “The bird that pollutes its own nest is bad,” says a folk proverb. Is it possible that all of humanity, and each of us, has become like such a bird?
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties as a result of anthropogenic intake of various substances and compounds. It leads or may lead in the future to a harmful effect on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, flora and fauna, buildings, structures, materials, and on the person himself. It suppresses the ability of nature to self-repair its properties.
Human pollution has a long history. Even the inhabitants of Ancient Rome complained about the pollution of the waters of the Tiber River. The inhabitants of Athens and Ancient Greece were worried about the pollution of the waters of the port of Piraeus. Already in the Middle Ages, laws on environmental protection appeared. .
The main source of pollution is the return to nature of that huge mass of waste that is formed in the process of production and consumption of human society. Already in 1970 they amounted to 40 billion tons, and by the beginning of the XXI century. increased to 300 billion tons.
A distinction must be made between quantitative and qualitative pollution. Quantitative pollution of the environment occurs as a result of the return to it of those substances and compounds that occur in nature in a natural state, but in much smaller quantities (for example, these are compounds of iron and other metals). Qualitative pollution of the environment is associated with the entry into it of substances and compounds unknown to nature, created primarily by the industry of organic synthesis.
Pollution of the lithosphere (soil cover) occurs as a result of industrial, construction and agricultural activities. At the same time, metals and their compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, and radioactive substances act as the main pollutants, the concentration of which leads to a change in the chemical composition of soils. The problem of the accumulation of household waste is also becoming more and more complex; it is no coincidence that in the West, in relation to our time, the term "garbage civilization" is sometimes used. .
And this is not to mention the complete destruction of the soil cover, primarily as a result of open-cast mining, the depth of which - including in Russia - sometimes reaches 500 m or even more. The so-called badlands (“bad lands”), which have completely or almost completely lost their productivity, occupy already 1% of the land surface. The total area of contaminated land on land exceeds 13 million km2, which is 1/10 of the world land fund.
Pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into rivers, lakes and seas.
By the end of the 90s. 20th century the total world volume of wastewater has approached 3-4 thousand km3 per year, or 20% of the "water ration" of the Earth. But since these waters require on average 10 times more pure water to dilute, they actually pollute a much larger volume of channel water. It is not difficult to guess that this, and not only the growth of direct water intake, is the main reason for the aggravation of the problem of fresh water.
Many rivers are heavily polluted - the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Thames, Tiber, Mississippi, Ohio, Volga, Dnieper, Don, Dniester, Nile, Ganges, etc. Pollution of the World Ocean is also growing, the "health" of which is threatened simultaneously from the coast , from the surface, from the bottom, from rivers and the atmosphere. Every year, a huge amount of waste enters the ocean. The most polluted are the inland and marginal seas - the Mediterranean, Northern, Irish, Baltic, Black, Azov, Inner Japanese, Javanese, Yellow, Caribbean, as well as the Biscay, Persian, Mexican and Guinean bays.
The Mediterranean Sea is the largest inland sea on Earth, the cradle of several great civilizations. 18 countries are located on its shores, 130 million people live,
260 ports. In addition, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the main areas of world shipping: it simultaneously contains
2.5 thousand long-distance ships and 5 thousand coastal ships. 300-350 million tons of oil passes through its routes annually. As a result, this sea in the 60-70s. turned into almost the main "garbage pit" of Europe.
Pollution affected not only the inland seas, but also the central parts of the oceans. . The threat to deep-sea basins is growing: there have been cases of burial of toxic substances and radioactive materials in them.
But oil pollution poses a particular danger to the Ocean. As a result of oil leakage during its production, transportation and processing, from 3 to 10 million tons of oil and oil products annually enter the World Ocean (according to various sources). Space images show that already about 1/3 of its entire surface is covered with an oily film, which reduces evaporation, inhibits the development of plankton, and limits the interaction of the Ocean with the atmosphere. The Atlantic Ocean is the most oil polluted. . The movement of surface water in the ocean leads to the spread of pollution over long distances. Especially dangerous are the catastrophes of large tankers, which lead to "volley" oil emissions.
In addition, radioactive contamination of the World Ocean is taking place, due to the fact that some countries have been burying their radioactive waste in its waters for a long time.
Atmospheric pollution occurs as a result of the work of industry, transport, as well as various furnaces, which together annually emit billions of tons of solid and gaseous particles into the Earth's air shell. The main air pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (S02), which are formed primarily during the combustion of mineral fuels, as well as oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, mercury, aluminum and other metals.
You know that sulfur dioxide is the main source of so-called acid rain. which are especially widespread in Europe and North America. Acid precipitation reduces crop yields, destroys forests and other vegetation, destroys life in fresh water bodies, destroys buildings, and adversely affects human health.
Example. In Scandinavia, which receives acid rain mainly from Great Britain and Germany, life has died in 20 thousand lakes, salmon, trout and other fish have disappeared in them. In many countries of Western Europe, there is a catastrophic loss of forests. The same destruction of forests began in Russia.
The effects of acid precipitation can not withstand not only living organisms, but also stone. .
A particular problem is the increase in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. If in the middle of the XX century. worldwide, CO2 emissions amounted to approximately 6 billion tons, then at the beginning of the 21st century. it exceeded 27 billion tons. The main responsibility for these emissions lies with economically developed countries. Recently, carbon emissions have increased significantly in some developing countries due to the development of industry and especially energy (see table 9 in the Annexes). Such emissions threaten humanity with the greenhouse effect and global warming. And the growing emission of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) has already led, according to many scientists, to the formation of huge "ozone holes" and partial destruction of the "ozone barrier". The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 indicates that cases of radioactive contamination of the atmosphere also cannot be completely ruled out.
The circulation processes in the atmosphere have led to the fact that the problem of its pollution has acquired a global character. Solving environmental problems: three main ways. But humanity not only litters its "nest". It has developed ways to protect the environment and has already begun to implement them.
The first way is to create various kinds of treatment facilities, the use of low-sulphur fuel, the destruction and processing of waste, the construction of chimneys 200-300 m or more high, land reclamation, etc. However, even the most modern facilities do not provide complete purification. And ultra-high chimneys, reducing the concentration of harmful substances in a given place, contribute to the spread of dust pollution and acid rain over much larger areas: a chimney 250 m high
increases the dispersion radius to 75 km.
The second way is to develop and apply a fundamentally new environmental ("clean") production technology, in the transition to low-waste and waste-free production processes. Thus, the transition from direct-flow (river-enterprise-river) water supply to circulation, and even more so to "dry" technology, can first ensure a partial, and then a complete cessation of wastewater discharge into rivers and reservoirs.
This path is the main one, because it not only reduces, but prevents environmental pollution. But it requires huge expenditures, unsustainable for many countries.
The third way is a deeply thought-out, most rational placement of the so-called "dirty" industries that have a negative impact on the environment. The "dirty" industries primarily include the chemical and petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper industries, thermal power engineering, and the production of building materials. When locating such enterprises, geographical expertise is especially necessary. Nature protection activity and ecological policy. The plunder of natural resources and the growth of environmental pollution have become an obstacle not only for further development production. Often they threaten the very lives of people. So back in the 70's and 80's. most of the economically developed countries of the world began to carry out a variety of environmental activities, to pursue an environmental policy. Strict environmental laws have been enacted, long-term environmental improvement programs have been developed, fine systems have been introduced (polluter pays), special ministries and other government bodies. At the same time, a mass movement of the public in defense of the environment began. In many countries, the “green” parties have appeared and achieved considerable influence, various public organizations have arisen, for example, Greenpeace.
As a result, in the 80-90s. environmental pollution in a number of economically highly developed countries began to gradually decrease, although in most developing countries and in some countries with transition economy, including Russia, it remains threatening.
Example. Russian geographers distinguish 16 critical ecological regions on the territory of Russia, which together occupy 15% of the country's territory. Industrial-urban agglomerations prevail among them, but there are also agricultural and recreational areas.
In our time, for the implementation of environmental activities, the implementation of environmental policy is not enough measures taken by individual countries. The efforts of the entire world community are needed, which are coordinated by the UN and other international organizations. In 1972, the first UN Conference on the Environment was held in Stockholm, the day of its opening - June 5 - would be declared World Environment Day. Subsequently, an important document "The World Strategy for Conservation of Nature" was adopted, which contained a detailed program of action for all countries. The second conference on environment and development took place in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. It adopted the "Agenda for the 21st Century" and other important documents. There is a special body in the UN system - the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), which coordinates the work carried out in different countries, generalizes world experience. The World Conservation Union (WUCN), the International Geographical Union (IGU) and other organizations actively participate in environmental activities. In the 80-90s. 20th century international agreements were concluded to reduce carbon emissions, freons, and many others. Some of the measures being taken have distinct geographic dimensions.
Example 1. At the beginning of the XXI century. in the world there were already more than 12 thousand specially protected natural areas(OPT). Most of them are in the USA, Australia, Canada, Germany, China. The total number of national parks is approaching 2 thousand, and biosphere reserves - to 500.
Example 2. Since 1972, the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage has been in force. At the end of 2007, the World Heritage List, which is updated annually, included 851 sites (see Table 10 in the "Appendices"), including 660 cultural, 166 natural and 25 cultural and natural. .
And yet, each of you citizens of the 21st century should always remember the conclusion reached at the Rio 92 Conference: "Planet Earth is in danger like never before." (Task 9.)
Lesson topic:
"Pollution and Environmental Protection"
Lesson Objectives:
To form an idea of the problems of anthropogenic pollutionenvironment, sources of air pollution, hydro-spheres, lithospheres;
Consider and identify the main ways to solve problems of protectionus the environment;
Learn to work with text, extracting the necessary information,
Learn to express your point of view;
Cultivate a sense of responsibility for the world around them, the purity of the nature of their planet
Equipment: ecology textbooks, additional sources information, Internet resources, workbooks.
Lesson type: lesson with elements of interactive methodology.
During the classes
1. Introductory word of the teacher.
We fly in outer space on a space co-rable. We used to call this ship the planet Earth. If onthe ship’s life support system is violated, then the astronauts are doomedus to death. We want to live, live happily ever after. We want, thatour children lived. But there were already problems on our ship and wethey need to be addressed.
The topic of today's lesson is "Pollution and environmental protection."
Today we will find out what problems threatenlife on Earth and how they can be solved.
Try to define: pollution, environmental protection.
(Students give their suggestions)
Let's see what the authors of the textbook offer us.
Environmental pollution is an unwanted changeproperties as a result of anthropogenic intake of various substances andcompounds that have a harmful effect on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, flora and fauna, buildings and materialsrials, on the person himself. Environmental pollution inhibitsthe ability of nature to self-repair its properties.
What do you think is the main source of pollution?
(Student answers)
environmental protection - a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life.
Name the most important environmental factors.
(Student answers)
Exercise: Using the text, find out what is the mainsource of environmental pollution. What types of pollutionexist?
Student response: The main source of environmental pollution iswaste that is generated during production and consumptionhuman society. In 1970 they amounted to 40 billion tons, and by the endXXcenturies have increased to 100 billion tons.
There are quantitative and qualitative pollution of the environment.
Teacher: We will find information about this in the textbook.
Student responses: Quantitative environmental pollutionarises as a result ofrotation in it of those substances and compounds that are found in naturein the natural state, but in much smaller quantities (compoundiron, wood, etc.).
Qualitative environmental pollutionenvironmentsassociated with the entry into it of substances unknown to nature and compounds created by the chemistry of organic synthesis (plastics, chemi-mic fibers, rubber, etc.).
2. Interactive task. Work with text.
1) Task.Let us consider in more detail the contamination of various shells of the Earthwhether.
For each pair, I will issue a text. Having received information from it, you need to fill out a table in the workbook called "Pollution of the Earth's shells". First, each of you fills out your own column. When exchanging information, listening to each other, we will fill the table to the end.
2) Pupils work with the text. Record brieflybasic information on your question in a table.
Table "Pollution of the Earth's shells".
| Shell of the Earth | Sources of pollution | Consequences pollution | Ways solutions Problems |
| Air pollution | |||
| Hydrosphere pollution | |||
| Pollution of the lithosphere |
3. Reflection.
Issues for discussion:
(written on the board)
1. Why has the problem of pollution acquired a global character?
2. What problems of pollution of the waters of the World Ocean are the mostsharper?
3. What is the role of Russia in polluting the waters of the World Ocean?
4. What kind of conservation measures can you suggest?
4. Summing up the lesson. Homework
This lesson "Pollution and environmental protection" provides information about the environmental situation in individual regions and in the world as a whole. You will learn about the main anthropogenic pollution of the environment, their causes and consequences. During the lesson, you will understand how qualitative pollution differs from quantitative pollution, and how it is correct and important to preserve what nature has given us.
Topic: Geography of natural resources of the world
Lesson:Pollution and environmental protection
Environmental pollution- undesirable change in its properties as a result of anthropogenic intake of various substances and compounds. It leads to a harmful effect on the shells of the Earth and on the person himself. Every year, the amount of substances and compounds of anthropogenic origin entering the environment is increasing.
Types of pollution:
1. quantitative(an increase in the environment of those substances and compounds that are already found in the natural state).
2. quality(increase in the environment of substances and compounds created by man).
Pollution of the lithosphere- undesirable upper part change earth's crust as a result of the intake of various substances and compounds of an anthropogenic nature.
Pollution of the lithosphere is characterized primarily by pollution with solid household waste (MSW). Municipal solid waste- a set of solid waste and garbage generated in domestic conditions. Usually they consist of paper, cardboard, plastics, metals, textiles, food components. Thus, landfills and tailings are formed.
tailings- a complex designed for the storage or disposal of radioactive, toxic and other tailings of mineral processing, called tailings.
Rice. 1. Landfill
Types of solid waste:
1. Household
2. Industrial
3. Agricultural
The record-breaking countries in terms of the volume of household waste per person include: the USA, Australia, Canada, Finland, Iceland.
In the United States, about 230 million tons of MSW are produced annually (an average of 760 kg per person), about 30% is recycled, and compost is also produced, 15% is burned, and 55% is landfilled. Russia annually produces about 3.8 billion tons of all types of waste. The amount of MSW is 63 million tons / year (on average - 445 kg per person. On average, 10% - 15% of garbage is recycled. Municipal solid waste is recycled only by 3% - 4%, industrial - by 35%. Basically, garbage is taken to landfills - there are about 11,000 of them in Russia, with about 82 billion tons of waste buried in them.
In addition, a significant danger is pollution by industrial waste.
All of the above leads to global changes in the lithosphere: radiation pollution, soil erosion, salinization, desertification, field toxicity with pesticides, herbicides, nitrates.
Rice. 2. Land desertification
Hydrosphere pollution- negative change in the state of water bodies.
The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere:
1. Industry.
2. Transport.
3. Agriculture.
4. Utilities.
5. Non-productive sphere.
To the greatest extent, water is polluted by industrial production, primarily pulp and paper mills, metallurgical plants, chemical enterprises, agriculture and utilities.
Types of pollution of the hydrosphere:
1. Physical (solid waste pollution).
2. Chemical (contamination with chemicals).
3. Biological (pollution by substances of biological origin).
The most polluted rivers and lakes in the world include: Rhine, Danube, Mississippi, Songhua, Balkhash, Ladoga.
The most polluted parts of the oceans include: the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, the South China Sea.
3. State report "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2011" ().
4. Benediktov A.A. Insects are victims of our carelessness. - "Ecology and Life", 2007. - N 2: 60-61.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Geography. Tests. Grade 10 / G.N. Elkin. - St. Petersburg: Parity, 2005. - 112 p.
2. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.
3. The most complete edition standard options real tasks of the Unified State Examination: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
4. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified state exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.
5. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
6. State final certification of graduates of 9 classes in new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Drums. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2013. - 80 p.
7. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
8. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
9. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
10. Study guide for geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionov. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.
11. The most complete edition of typical options for real tasks of the Unified State Examination: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.
12. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
13. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
4. Official informational portal USE ().
5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ().