This message has been prepared based on materialsI.A. Suyazova, teacher of the municipal state educational institution "Kamenskaya secondary school No. 1 with in-depth study of individual subjects named after Hero Soviet Union VP Zakharchenko "of the Kamensky municipal district of the Voronezh region.Many thanks to a colleague for her titanic work!

"Time"- the direction is focused on a broad understanding of TIME as a historical and philosophical category perceived in the interaction of the momentary and eternal, real and imaginary, personal and universal, past and future. At the center of the discourse is man and time, society and epoch.

Scheme No. 1 "Artistic time"

COMMENTARY ON SCHEME No. 1

"Artistic time"

TIME BIOGRAPHIC- childhood, adolescence, maturity, old age.

TIME HISTORICAL- characteristics of the change of eras, generations, major events in the life of society.

TIME SPACE- an idea of ​​eternity and universal history.

TIME CALENDAR- change of seasons, weekdays and holidays.

TIME DAILY- day and night, morning and evening.

Composition

“Time is the fabric that makes up life. (B. Franklin) "

We are always surrounded by time. We are in it! There is not a single person who would live apart from time. We are born, grow up, become older ... And none of us can neither turn back our biographical time, nor change ... However, it seems to me that a person can slow down or speed up his movement! It depends on the "quality" of life. This time is described in many works of art.

Let us recall the hero of the novel by Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov. His life takes place before our eyes. Here we see little Ilya, who is growing up as a mobile child. But Oblomov is already in the service. However, domesticated and spoiled, he quickly becomes disillusioned with the life of an official. The haste, vanity, daily arrival at the service quickly tire Ilya Ilyich, and he first goes on vacation on the basis of a "medical certificate", and then resigns altogether. And gradually "grows" to the sofa. The writer in several parts shows the "biographical time" of the hero - the stages of his life path... The first part lasts several hours, and all this time Ilya Ilyich is either lying or sitting on the couch. Time has stopped for him. Then, in the second and third parts, the time is rapidly increasing: Stolz, a childhood friend, arrived, lifted Oblomov off the couch, introduced him to Ilyinskaya. Under Olga's influence, the protagonist awakens. And the duration of action here is several months. The life of Ilya Ilyich is filled with movement. Finally, the fourth part is the Vyborg side. Here Oblomov spends eight long years. Long! Time stops again, because the hero returns to the state in which we see him at the beginning of the novel: he lies on the sofa and does nothing. And, worst of all, he is comfortable - on the couch, in a dressing gown, in dreams ... Therefore, it does not matter how long he lives with Pshenitsyna, something else is important: sleepy peace envelops Oblomov, the present and the past merge and mix into an unchanging, frozen time that stopped: every day is like the past. So throughout the novel we see how Oblomov slows down or speeds up his time. And having stopped time, the hero stops life itself: “lazy crawling day after day quietly stopped the machine of life. Ilya Ilyich died, apparently, without pain, without suffering, as if a clock had stopped, which had forgotten to wind. "

What conclusion did I come to, reflecting on the proposed topic "Time is the fabric that makes up life." I think we should agree with the statement of B. Franklin, a US politician: our life consists of thin threads, moments, and it depends on each of us how strong and durable these threads will be, how interesting our life will be, we sleep it like Oblomov , or we will live brightly and correctly ...

COMMENTARY ON SCHEME No. 2

"The interweaving of historical and personal time"

Personal time and historical time are so closely interconnected that they seem to be a single whole.

If there is trouble in the world (war, revolution, repression, ruthless regime), then a person fully experiences all the horrors of this universal tragedy.

If time flies forward, discoveries occur, for example, flight into space, then a person proudly and confidently looks into the future.

Personal memories necessarily come into contact with historical memory.

A person grows up faster if events take place around that require the application of physical, intellectual, and spiritual strength of each of us.

We all overcome ourselves during life, and the results of these overcomes depend on the character of a person, his purposefulness, on the environment, on the time in which he lives.

Each of us understands that time is cyclical: past, present and future are inextricably linked. It is not for nothing that they say: "The future will not come to the one who has forgotten the past."

EXAMPLE TOPICS

in the form of a question	in the form of a quote	in the form of a nominative sentence	in the form of a declarative sentence
What kind of life can be considered as not lived in vain?	"The wisest of all is time, for it reveals everything" (Thales of Miletus)	Hero of his time	Stepped into immortality
What does it mean to live ahead of time?	“The money is gone - you will make money, time is gone - you won’t get it back.” (Russian proverb)	A look through the ages	Memory is timeless
What does it mean to be born at the wrong time?	"Times do not choose ..." (A. Kushner)	About the transience of time	Time is the best healer of mental wounds
Historical time - an arrow or a whirlwind?	"The only measure of time is memory" (Vladislav Grzegorchik)	Lost time	Winning time
What time is it?	"On the wings of time, sorrow is carried away." (Jean de La Fontaine, French poet, fabulist)	Man and era	Time can rob us of everything but love
What is timeless?	"Don't let life slip between your fingers." (I.S. Turgenev)	Old photo	Writer - chronicler of the country's history
Do I have to hurry to live?	"The connecting thread of times ..." (B. Pasternak)	Search time	True moral values ​​- for centuries
Can you beat time?	"For lovers, the clock usually runs forward." (William Shakespeare)	The values ​​of time	Memories help to live

Variants of introduction to the topic "Winning Time ..."

Entry option	Example	Thesis "arising" from the introduction, and scraping	Argument tips
1) emotional input to the topic	The day is drawing to a close. An ordinary autumn day ... And I am sitting at the table and looking at a blank sheet of paper ... At school they asked me to write an essay on the topic "Winning Time ...". A strange name ... Is it possible to conquer something that is not subject to anyone or anything? A glance accidentally fell on the bookshelf ... Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy ... So here they are, who conquered time!	Really, famous writers passed through the centuries and remained loved and in demand. Let's remember the masters of the word and their works, overcame time	Tell us about any of the classic writers, about one of classical pieces, which is close to you, of course, dear (M.Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of Our Time", I.S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons", "Poems in Prose", A.N. Ostrovsky, plays, etc.)
2) entering into an argument with an imaginary interlocutor or inviting to a conversation	Don't you think the theme of "Winning Time" is strange? Agree, time is the duration of an action or the existence of something. And everything in this world has an end. Answer, is it possible to postpone this end or avoid it altogether? I think no. And yet there are things, concepts, values ​​that will never die.	For example, such moral values ​​as honor, friendship, philanthropy, love will remain eternal. Our striving for knowledge and reading will also remain eternal. Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view.	Refer to works that reveal the problems of love, friendship, mercy, honor (A.S. Pushkin. " Captain's daughter", A.I. Kuprin. " Garnet bracelet", I.A. Bunin. " Clean monday"," Light Breathing ", V. Rasputin. "French lessons", etc.)
3) justification of the reasons for referring to this topic	Everything flows, everything changes. A person is born, matures, grows old, dies ... Alas, the law of life. However, I have always been interested in the question: is it possible to break this law and still overcome death, acquire immortality? And once I realized: death can be defeated, and memory helps a person in this.	The one who remains in human memory will never die. I can prove the correctness of my point of view by referring to fiction.	Refer to the literature, which praises the feat of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War, for example, to the novel by A.A. Fadeev's "Young Guard" or "The Story of a Real Man" by B. Polevoy.
4) using the original quote	“You are not Dostoevsky,” said the citizen, bewildered by Koroviev. “Well, who knows, who knows,” he replied. “Dostoevsky is dead,” said the citizen, but somehow not very confidently. - Objection, - Behemoth exclaimed hotly. "Dostoevsky is immortal!" Familiar lines from the novel by M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita". I am sure that Dostoevsky is immortal, like all classic writers!	There are enduring values ​​that are not subject to time. This art is the art of words ... For evidence of my point of view, let's turn to the works fiction	Tell us about any of the classic writers, about one of the classics that is close to you, of course, expensive (or several)
5) registration of the introduction in the form of questions	Is it possible to conquer time? If we assume that this is possible, then what needs to be done in order to win?	I think it is necessary to accomplish a feat in the name of people, and then the memory of you will remain for centuries. Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view.	Remember the poem "Zoya" by M. Aliger, which praises the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. You can refer to the book by L.Kassil and M.Polyanovsky "The Street of the Youngest Son". It tells about a simple boy Volodya Dubinin, who died during the Great Patriotic War, defending his homeland. Posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner

SKETCHES FOR FUTURE WORKS

Composition

"Lost time"

INTRODUCTION

Which amazing theme- "Lost time". Lost ... It seems to me that you can lose some thing, but time ... However, if you think about it, we lose it very often. Try to analyze your day - minute by minute. Have you counted your wasted precious minutes? A lot of them? I think so ... Wasted time avenges itself. Doubt? I will prove my point of view by referring to fiction.

ARGUMENT 1

"The Tale of Lost Time" by Evgeny Lvovich Schwartz. (The author, trying to reach out to people, with the whole plot of his fairy tale says: "Don't waste time, it won't come back!")

ARGUMENT 2

I.A.Goncharov "Oblomov"

CONCLUSION

We can conclude with the words of Richard Whateley, an English writer, who said: "Waste one hour in the morning and you will be looking for it the rest of the day."

Composition

"Lost time"

INTRODUCTION

The past has a smell, taste and color

Striving to teach, influence and mean,

And only one, unfortunately, no -

Opportunities to change yourself.

This is how the Russian and Israeli writer Igor Mironovich Guberman writes, who is widely known for his aphoristic and satirical quatrains - "gariks".

Indeed, each of us has a past, present and future, and all three times are interconnected. Therefore, building the future, a person should think about his actions, attitude to people, profession, to the world around him. You can't waste time on empty talk, on lying on the couch, on crazy money making, on inaction, and most importantly, you can't cheat on yourself. A person should understand that wasted time is a wasted life. Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view.

ARGUMENT 1

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's story "Ionych"

ARGUMENT 2

Poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Duma"

Sadly I look at our generation!

His future is either empty, or dark,

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,

In inaction it will grow old.

We are rich, barely from the cradle,

By the mistakes of the fathers and their late minds,

And life weary us, like a straight path without a goal,

Like a feast at a stranger's holiday.

CONCLUSION

What conclusion did I come to, reflecting on the topic of "Lost time"? Time is our treasure, which we do not value and waste. By rushing life or slowing it down, a person misses the most important thing - life itself. Anyone who is used to postponing everything for later will be punished: the loss of time will turn into emptiness, loneliness, a feeling of restlessness, early aging of the soul and body. It is not for nothing that Petya Zubov, the hero of E. Schwartz's fairy tale, having passed all the tests, asserts: "A person who is wasting time in vain does not notice how old he is." Let's listen to his words ...

SO YOU CAN START COMPOSING ... or FINISH

• Time is a mirage, it shrinks in moments of happiness and stretches out in hours of suffering. (R. Aldington)
• If time is the most precious thing, then wasting time is the greatest waste of time. (B. Franklin)
• Time passes slowly when you follow it ... It feels being followed. But it takes advantage of our absent-mindedness. It is even possible that there are two times: the one we follow and the one that transforms us. (A. Camus)
• Take your time! Guard him any hour, any minute. Without supervision, it will slip away like a lizard. Illuminate every moment with an honest, worthy accomplishment! Give it weight, meaning, light. (T.Mann)
• It takes one day for any major evil to appear, and it will take several centuries to wipe it off the face of the earth. (L. Blanqui)
• Those who do not remember their past are doomed to relive it again (D. Santayana, American philosopher).
• The most ominous of all earthly sounds is the ticking of a clock. (V. Soloukhin)
• A person who dares to waste an hour of time has not yet realized the value of life. (Charles Darwin)
• “Time is so fleeting when you are in a hurry, and so slow when you are waiting for something” (J. Statham)
• "Happy hours are not observed" (A.S. Griboyedov)
• If the present tries to judge the past, then it loses the future. (W. Churchill)
• Even the richest man is unable to buy back his past. (O. Wilde)
• I recommend that you take care of the minutes: the watch will take care of itself. (Chesterfield, english writer and politician)
• Choosing time means saving it. (F. Bacon, English materialist philosopher)
• Time heals all wounds. (Russian proverb)
• The future is acquired in the present. (S. Johnson, English writer, author of The Dictionary of the English Language)
• Happy people think of time as minutes, while for unfortunate people it drags on for months. (J.F. Cooper, American writer)

PHRASES THAT MAY BE USEFUL ...

1) We are constantly wasting time and it is unlikely that we will ever be able to find it: not in the lost property office, not in the dark corner under the bed. Time cannot be returned, but it can be made up or, by at least, learn not to regret the loss.

2) There are many opportunities for everyone to spend precious hours on television, computer games, mass media. But these ways of avoiding important tasks and wasting time are very obvious, like bad habits or empty talk.

3) Among the unknown in the nature around us, the most unknown is time, for no one knows what time is and how to manage it.

4) The fact that time either does not exist at all, or barely exists, being something unclear, can be assumed on the basis of the following. One part of it was and no longer exists, the other is in the future, and it does not yet exist; infinite time is composed of these parts, and each time the allocated period of time. And that which is composed of non-existent cannot, as it seems, be a part of existence.

5) In time there is something indivisible, which we call "now". In time nothing can be grasped besides the "now". "Now" is a continuous connection of time, it connects the past tense with the future and, in general, is the boundary of time, being the beginning of one and the end of the other. Since "now" is the end of the past and the beginning of the future, time always begins and ends. And it never stops because it always starts. (Aristotle)

6) Time carries away everything; a long series of years can change the name, and appearance, and character, and fate.

7) Nothing is more painful for a wise person and nothing gives him more anxiety than having to spend more time on trifles and useless things than they deserve. Museum of old forgotten things

(feature article)

Once in the studio of the artist Vladimir Sergeevich Vasilkovsky, I saw an album where he painted people of the 30s. By memory. Grown up aunts and uncles from his childhood. I flipped through the pages and found out. The drawings came to life, moved, people dressed in costumes of those years began to appear from my memory, as if the artist had spied on my memories. Our streets, our yard, cabbies ... It was the city in which both of us spent our childhood. And most importantly, I also recalled various things that were then, and now they are not. Some things have become unnecessary, others have changed, and still others may return.

That's when we decided to collect everything that was preserved in our memory: the artist will draw, and I will tell you in order to somehow capture the appearance of that reality, because, unfortunately, we have almost no museums of the history of our Soviet life. Such museums, of course, there will be, but there are things that will not be included in these museums, they cannot be placed there - for example, the crackling of birch logs in the stove ...

Old things are just signs left by a past life. To some, it seems that they stick out like unnecessary stumps, but for an attentive soul, the annual rings keep the sweep of the shady crowns that rustled here, the crackle of frost, drying up the heat of an old summer.

Our boyish life is remembered through things vividly and objectively. In childhood, a special relationship is established with things, intimate. In childhood, things talk, live. Anything, up to wallpaper, rugs, piggy banks have their own physiognomy, their own disposition ... Many of them are remembered all my life, they kept our secrets, we talked with them. Things can come back. You should not finally say goodbye to the past. Childhood will sooner or later remind of itself. It's not about nostalgia. We return to childhood for kindness, tenderness, for the joy of rain and delight in the vastness of the sky. Of course, those feelings cannot be returned. Mirrors are memoryless. It is impossible to extract past reflections from their depths. Mirrors do not age, their frames do. Memory must be resolved by recollection, like thought by word. She needs listeners, paper with a pen, finally, some object.

The city of the 30s is preserved in the memory of former boys and girls. In this reserve, he is watercolor seductive. In fact, this city was not so good, but it has recognizable features, uniquely passionate. Inspiration and a call ... Now the city has become much more beautiful, richer, healthier, resounded in the shoulders. Why do we look again and again at his appearance, looking for in him, first of all, that, not at all so prosperous and nevertheless happy, past? ..

The final essay is a written reflection on a specified topic, which must be passed by every 11-grader for admission to the Unified State Exams (USE). In December 2018-2019, schoolchildren will write this type of work for the 5th time, because it has been approved in Russia since 2014.

A prerequisite for a well-written final essay is the presence of arguments - justifications for the chosen position, which are based on the works of Russian or foreign classical literature. So what are the reasons that will help schoolchildren to cope with the task at hand this year?

General facts

The minimum length of the final essay is 250 words, while experts recommend writing more - about 300-350 words on average, in order to cover the topic fully and comprehensively. The structure of the work is not regulated, however, practice shows that the largest number of points is given to such written reflections, which contain 3 key blocks: an introduction, the main part and a conclusion with conclusions. The time spent on writing an essay is 3 hours and 55 minutes. Children have the opportunity to refer to spelling dictionaries, which should be available in the office in sufficient quantity.

The highest mark for the final essay is 10 points. Even if a student makes 1 rough spelling mistake, the expert committee will give him the maximum possible number of points. The final score depends on how well the adolescent considers the fundamental criteria. These include:

1. Relevance to the topic. It is important to write the final essay only in the context of the given topic / question, not to spread thoughts along the tree and not go on to consider third-party problems.
2. Argumentation and attraction literary material... It is not enough just to express a definite position - in your arguments you also need to rely on at least one work of a Russian or foreign classic. It is important to demonstrate not only knowledge of the material, but also the ability to analyze it. When writing the final essay of 2018-2019, a simple retelling or a superficial mention of the works will not be enough.
3. Composition and logic of reasoning. Here the structure of the work and the sequence of presentation are assessed. It is recommended that each new thought begins with a new paragraph. In this case, the main part should be larger in volume than the introduction and conclusion (in total, the last blocks should be about 1/3 of the entire text).
4. The quality of written speech. In his reasoning to the student high school you will need to use synonyms and different phrases, and, conversely, avoid stamps and lexical repetitions.
5. Literacy. Here the presence / absence of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors is checked.

Directions and topics

Each final essay should be written in accordance with a specific topic. However, they are revealed only 15 minutes before the start of the test. Despite this, there is an opportunity to prepare in advance for writing the final essay in 2018-2019, because both teachers and their wards know the so-called. "Global directions". The final topics that students will receive will definitely fit into the framework of these particular areas.

In other words, the topics will simply turn out to be more detailed, fractional, and concretized. But knowledge of directions allows you to navigate and even pick up suitable arguments from literary works domestic school curriculum already at the moment. There will be 5 directions in total.

Fathers and Sons

Arguments for the final essay 2018-2019 in the global direction "Fathers and Sons" can be found in eponymous work I.S. Turgenev. The novel "Fathers and Sons" is one of the most suitable for substantiating theses related to the problem of "generational conflict". Evgeny Bazarov ( the main character) and Arkady Kirsanov, and representatives of the "generation of fathers" - Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov.

The book shows how young people who position themselves as nihilists (deniers of generally accepted norms) devalue the experience of adults who are considered non-progressive traditionalists. In turn, the older generation also does not seek to understand young people. In conclusion, the author debunks the doctrine of nihilism and proclaims the only way through which it is possible to end the eternal conflict is to reunite relatives who have learned to love each other after experiencing suffering.

Other works to bring arguments to themes in the direction of "Fathers and Sons" in the December 2018-2019 essay:

• DI. Fonvizin, play "The Minor";
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the poem "Mtsyri";
• N.V. Gogol, the story "Taras Bulba";
• A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter".

Dream or reality

The direction "Dream or Reality" is deeply philosophical, because makes you think about the interweaving of the most cherished human desires and reality. An example of a positive heroine who remains true to her dream and does everything possible to make it come true is Marya Mironova from the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter".

Everything Masha, the Commandant's Daughter, Desires Belogorsk fortress, - to live calmly and happily together with a loved one, which becomes the officer Pyotr Grinev. However, the girl has to overcome many trials on her way before she finally reunites with her love, because both Peter and Masha fall into the thick of the Pugachev uprising. Despite this, the girl does not abandon her dreams and does not lose her fortitude. Even when hope is almost lost, she takes fate into her own hands and goes to Empress Catherine II with a request to help free Peter. Thanks to her fearlessness, Masha achieves a dream come true, namely, she becomes the wife of her beloved man.

Also, arguments for the December 2018-2019 essay in the direction of "Dream and Reality" can be found in the following works:

• F.M. Dostoevsky, the novel Crime and Punishment (Rodion Raskolnikov as an example of a dangerous dreamer who should be afraid of his desires);
• A.N. Ostrovsky, play "The Thunderstorm".

Revenge and generosity

Here the student will have the opportunity to compare the most different sides and qualities of human nature: kindness and malice, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggressiveness ...

The insolvency, negativity, pettiness, stupidity and all-destructive beginning of revenge were clearly shown by A.S. Pushkin in his novel Eugene Onegin. The destructive feeling with which the main character lights up leads to the fact that he kills his once good friend in a duel - the kind little Vladimir Lensky. At the same time, the work reveals an example of a deeply generous person - we are talking about Tatyana Larina, who throughout the novel puts the feelings of the people around her above her own (for example, at the end of the book, she rejects Onegin, who has fallen in love with her, because she cannot betray her spouse) ...

Additionally, arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay 2018-2019 can be found in the following books:

• A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Emelyan Pugachev as a man who knows how to be magnanimous and noble in relation to those who deserve it);
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (part of "Princess Mary" and, in particular, the vengeful nature of Grushnitsky).

Art and craft

The theme of the destiny of a creative person (writer, artist, musician, etc.) is one of the fundamental in literature. It is possible to analyze the phenomenon of creativity and reflect the importance of creative labor thanks to the work of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The poem shows how music lifts the spirit and warms the soul of those who hear it, even when the most difficult war times are raging around. However, music that allows people to forget about sorrows does not exist by itself - it is brought into this world by the musician, who is performed here by accordionist Vasily Terkin.

Also, arguments for topics in the direction of "Arts and Crafts" are found in the following authors:

• V. Korolenko, the story "The Blind Musician";
• A.P. Chekhov, the story "Rothschild's Violin";
• K.G. Paustovsky, story "Basket with spruce cones".

Kindness and cruelty

This direction partially overlaps with the direction "Revenge and magnanimity". Here the emphasis is on the importance of a humanistic attitude towards life in general, towards any life, regardless of who it belongs to.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to go on the murder of the old woman-pawnbroker. Rodion thinks that he is better than a worthless old woman, and therefore has the right to rid the world of her existence. However, when the hero commits a murder, he realizes that in reality he is worse, many times worse than the most useless and vicious old woman. Sonia Marmeladova, an example of kindness, virtue and forgiveness, helps him to finally understand this. Thanks to her, Raskolnikov abandons inhuman ideas and changes his worldview.

Other examples in the Kindness and Cruelty direction:

• N.V. Gogol, the story "The Overcoat" (the cruelty of a hypocritical and evil society is opposed by the kindness, simplicity and harmlessness of Akaki Akakievich);
• M.A. Sholokhov, novel " Quiet Don"(Callousness and cruelty can arise in a person's soul under the influence of external circumstances, as happened with the peasant-Cossack Grigory, who was forced to go to war and start killing in order not to die himself).

List of literature on the topic "Time"

• "Fathers and Sons", I.S. Turgenev;
• "The Cherry Orchard", A.P. Chekhov;
• "The old woman Izergil", A.M. Bitter;
• "One day of Ivan Denisovich", A.I. Solzhenitsyn;

Quotes and phrases to the direction "Time", speech cliches

Quotes for the beginning and end of the essay

1. Time is a mirage, it shrinks in moments of happiness and stretches out in hours of suffering. (R. Aldington)
2. The new becomes old, then the years will fly by - And the old will be replaced by the new: it was so, it will always be so. (Roodaki)
3. If time is the most precious thing, then wasting time is the greatest waste of time. (B. Franklin)
4. Time passes slowly when you follow it ... It feels being followed. But it takes advantage of our absent-mindedness. It is even possible that there are two times: the one we follow and the one that transforms us. (A. Camus)
5. Take your time! Guard him any hour, any minute. Without supervision, it will slip away like a lizard. Illuminate every moment with an honest, worthy accomplishment! Give it weight, meaning, light. (T.Mann)
6. It takes one day for any major evil to appear, and it will take several centuries to wipe it off the face of the earth. (L. Blanky)
7. Those who do not remember their past are doomed to relive it again (D. Santayana, American philosopher).
8. The most ominous of all earthly sounds is the ticking of a clock. (V. Soloukhin)
9. A person who dares to waste an hour of time has not yet realized the value of life. (Charles Darwin)
10. “Time is so fleeting when you’re in a hurry, and so slow when you’re waiting for something” (Jason Statham)
11. "Happy hours are not observed" (A.S. Griboyedov)
12. If the present tries to judge the past, then it loses the future. (W. Churchill).
13. Even the richest man is unable to buy back his past. (O. Wilde)
14. I recommend that you take care of the minutes: the watch will take care of itself. (Chesterfield, English writer and politician)
15. Choosing time means saving it. (Francis Bacon, English materialist philosopher)
16. Time heals all wounds. (Russian proverb)
17. The future is acquired in the present. (Samuel Johnson, English writer, author of The Dictionary of the English Language)
18. Happy people think of time as minutes, while for unfortunate people it drags on for months. (James Fenimore Cooper, American writer)

Phrases for building an essay

1) We are constantly wasting time and it is unlikely that we will ever be able to find it: not in the lost property office, not in the dark corner under the bed. Time cannot be returned, but you can make up for it, or at least learn not to regret losing it.

2) For everyone there is a large number of opportunities to spend precious hours on television, computer games, and mass media. But these ways of avoiding important tasks and wasting time are very obvious, like bad habits or empty talk.

3) Among the unknown in the nature around us, the most unknown is time, for no one knows what time is and how to manage it.

4) The fact that time either does not exist at all, or barely exists, being something unclear, can be assumed on the basis of the following. One part of it was and no longer exists, the other is in the future, and it does not yet exist; infinite time is composed of these parts, and each time the allocated period of time. And that which is composed of non-existent cannot, as it seems, be a part of existence.

5) In time there is something indivisible, which we call "now". In time nothing can be grasped besides the "now". "Now" is a continuous connection of time, it connects the past tense with the future and, in general, is the boundary of time, being the beginning of one and the end of the other. Since "now" is the end of the past and the beginning of the future, time always begins and ends. And it never stops because it always starts. (Aristotle)

6) Time carries away everything; a long series of years can change the name, and appearance, and character, and fate.

7) Nothing is more painful for a wise person and nothing gives him more anxiety than having to spend more time on trifles and useless things than they deserve.

Cliché for an introduction or for a thesis	Before me is the theme of the composition "...", which interested me in that ...
	I can assume that ... (thesis)
	I will allow myself to express my point of view
Go to the main part	Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view.
	Let's remember the works of fiction, which reveal the topic ...
	I can prove the correctness of my point of view by contacting ...
	Let's turn to works of fiction
	For examples, let's turn to works of fiction.
	Thinking about ..., I cannot help but refer to the work of the name, in which ...
Inside the main body (going from one argument to another)	You can recall another work, which also says (the question is raised) that ...
	Another example can be cited.
	As a second argument, let's turn to the product ...
	The same topic is considered in the work ...
Conclusion	What conclusion did I come to, reflecting on the topic "..."? I think we should ...
	And in conclusion, I would like to say that ...
	All the arguments I have given, based on reading experience, convince us that ...
	It seems to me that the above arguments are already enough to assert:
	Finishing the discussion on the topic "...", one cannot but say that people should ...
	Summarizing what has been said, I want to say that ...

Topics of essays in this direction

in the form of a question	in the form of a quote	in the form of a nominative sentence	In the form of a declarative sentence
	"The wisest of all is time, for it reveals everything" (Thales of Miletus)	Hero of his time	Stepped into immortality
What does it mean to live ahead of time?	"The money is gone - you will recover, the time is gone - you will not return." (Russian proverb)	A look through the ages	Memory is timeless
What does it mean to be born at the wrong time?	"Times do not choose ..." (A. Kushner)	About the transience of time	Time is the best healer of mental wounds
Historical time - an arrow or a whirlwind?	"The only measure of time is memory" (Vladislav Grzegorchik)	Lost time	Winning time
What time is it?	"On the wings of time, sorrow is carried away." (Jean de La Fontaine, French poet, fabulist)	Man and era	Time can rob us of everything but love
What is timeless?	"Don't let life slip between your fingers." (I.S. Turgenev)	Old photo	Writer - chronicler of the country's history
Do I have to hurry to live?	"The connecting thread of times ..." (B. Pasternak)	Search time	True moral values ​​- for centuries
Can you beat time?	"For lovers, the clock usually runs forward." (William Shakespeare)	The values ​​of time	Memories help to live.

1. Is it true that everything starts from childhood?

2. Do you agree that time determines the fate and character of a person?

4. Can a person be ashamed of his generation?

5. Does a writer have the right to talk about the "illness" of his time, of his generation?

6. Can a person resist the power of time, epoch?

7. Are the modern generation worried about the problems that writers of other times talked about?

8. Should humanity remember its past?

9. Is the future possible without the past?

12. How do you understand the expression "live in harmony with time"?

13. Time and inner world person: consonance and dissonance.

14. Can it be argued that life in a critical era denies the personal responsibility of a person?

15. What, from your point of view, did B. Pasternak mean when he said about the artist: "You are a hostage of eternity / In captivity of time"?

16. Events of the past that are important for the present and the future.

17. What do you think it means to be a "hero of your time"?

18. Why, from your point of view, the phrase from Hamlet "The connecting thread fell apart / How can I connect the scraps of them?" (in another translation - "The bond of times has broken up") became winged?

19. Is Time a Line, Circle or Spiral?

20. If I had a time machine:

Examples of finished essays in the thematic area "Time"

Samples of essays. The essays offered below should not be perceived as verified and perfectly perfected cheat sheets. These samples are designed to form the students' understanding of the full or partial disclosure of the topic of the final essay. We recommend using them as additional source ideas when forming your own idea of ​​the disclosure of the topic.

We are always surrounded by time. We are in it! There is not a single person who would live apart from time. We are born, grow up, become older ... And none of us can neither turn back our biographical time, nor change ... However, it seems to me, a person can slow down or speed up his movement! It depends on the “quality” of life2. This time is described in many works of art. (61 words)

Let us recall the hero of the novel by Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov. His life takes place before our eyes. Here we see little Ilyusha growing up as a mobile child. But Oblomov is already in the service. However, domesticated and spoiled, he quickly becomes disillusioned with the life of an official. The haste, vanity, daily arrival at the service quickly tire Ilya Ilyich, and he first goes on vacation on the basis of a "medical certificate", and then resigns altogether. And gradually "grows" to the sofa. The writer in several parts shows the "biographical time" of the hero - the stages of his life path. The first part lasts several hours, and all this time Ilya Ilyich is either lying or sitting on the couch. Time has stopped for him. Then, in the second and third parts, the time is rapidly increasing: Stolz, a childhood friend, arrived, lifted Oblomov off the couch, introduced him to Ilyinskaya. Under Olga's influence, the protagonist awakens. And the duration of action here is several months. The life of Ilya Ilyich is filled with movement. Finally, the fourth part - the Vyborskaya side. Here Oblomov spends eight long years. Long! Time stops again, because the hero returns to the state in which we see him at the beginning of the novel: he lies on the sofa and does nothing. And, worst of all, he is comfortable - on the couch, in a dressing gown, in dreams ... Therefore, it doesn't matter how long he lives with Pshenitsyna, something else is important: sleepy peace envelops Oblomov, the present and the past merge and mix into an unchanging, frozen time that stopped: every day is like the past. So throughout the novel we see how Oblomov slows down or speeds up his time. And having stopped time, the hero stops life itself: “lazy crawling day after day quietly stopped the machine of life. Ilya Ilyich died, apparently without pain, without suffering, as if a clock had stopped, which had forgotten to wind. ”(271 words)

What conclusion did I come to, reflecting on the proposed topic "Time is the fabric that makes up life." I think we should agree with the statement of B. Franklin, a US politician: our life consists of thin threads-moments, and it depends on each of us how strong and durable these threads will be, how interesting our life will be, we sleep it like Oblomov , or we will live brightly and correctly ... (59 words)

Total: 391 words

We cannot see time, but it is with its help that we measure our life. Yes, time exists, although it cannot be touched by hands: It cannot be stretched, squeezed or accelerated at will. Despite this, we can manage time, at least partially. You can plan your affairs and have time to do everything that is needed. You can spend time useful: studying, in sports or reading. And you can waste it: But all people feel the value of minutes and seconds when, for example, an ambulance or a fire truck is waiting. A person begins to appreciate the time when he is late for the train, does not have time to do something, or the time to say important words: Sometimes just one minute is not enough! Now, if I could take this minute from someone who wastes time and give it to someone who really needs it! Unfortunately, this is not the case. Therefore, we must all understand the value of time. After all, every minute is given to us only once. Wasted time will not return in vain, you will not live it anew. Therefore, time should be saved and spent only on what makes sense, only on what develops us and our abilities.

So, for example, the main character of Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky all his life tried to diversify his life as much as possible. He is young, handsome, received a decent education and upbringing for his time. Despite the harsh disposition and tough methods of raising his father, Andrei Bolkonsky is grateful to him for the upbringing he received. When the war begins, Andrei is one of the first to go to war. He goes to war not only for the glory and his "Toulon", but also in order to find the true meaning of life. Andrei does not ask to serve in the headquarters, he prefers a real battlefield, and not the position of a staff rat. Wounded, he comes to the conclusion that the true meaning is not in fame, but in life itself! After the death of his wife, Andrei loses the meaning of life, but decides to take up public affairs. Then he fights again. Before the Borodino battle, he is overwhelmed with feelings, because he takes part in a common patriotic cause. Disappointed once again, Andrei, during his trip to Otradnoye, meets an old, mighty oak tree. Spring is in full swing, nature is renewing itself, everything around it blooms and smells, and only this oak stands, as if resisting everything living and new. Unwittingly, Andrei compares himself to this oak tree and drives off with the thought that his life is over and he will not have to live, but live out his life. In Otradnoye, he will meet Natasha Rostova, a sweet, young and energetic girl. Her love of life and sincerity make Andrey think about his life, about his age. He is imbued with a real feeling for her and imperceptibly falls in love with her. So Natasha, with her love, was able to awaken Andrei, make him live anew and build dreams for the future. On the way back, Andrei again meets the same oak, and now he hardly recognizes it - the oak has turned wildly green and blossomed. Andrey is happy, he comes to the conclusion that "life is not over at thirty", that he must continue to live and improve himself.

Every time on New Year When the clock strikes 12.00, tears come to my eyes: At this moment I realize that time is passing, it is running irrevocably, and life is inexorably moving forward. At this moment, I understand that life is given to us once, and we need to live in such a way as to leave some trace behind.

M. Gorky in the legend of Marco Polo wrote:
"And you will live on earth as blind worms live: They will not write fairy tales about you, nor will they sing songs about you!" Therefore, you need to live in such a way that both songs and fairy tales are composed about us. Life will be filled with meaning if we study and improve ourselves all our lives. It was not for nothing that the Soviet writer Nikolai Ostrovsky once said: “Life is given to a person once.

School essay on the topic of time Russian poet and writer of the 21st century Danil Rudoy.

The meaning of the word is clear to everyone time when they ask “What time is it?”, but what does the concept of “time” contain? At all times, this question was answered in different ways. For Plato, time is divine eternity, divided by heavenly bodies into days, months, years; Aristotle saw in time a number, a measure of movement and rest; and Albert Einstein wrote about time as a physical reality that changes its course due to the movement of bodies. This is no longer time, but times!

In its most general form, we can say that time is the order of a continuous series of phenomena replacing each other, the order of constantly changing states of physical bodies, the Universe - in a word, being. Time is a living world.

Essay on the topic Time

The main property of time is that it lasts, that is, continuously and incessantly flows... It is non-stop. An astronomer and a physicist work with time “on the fly”, photographing a certain phenomenon, registering the spectrum of a flash or burst on the monitor of a radio telescope. "Stop, moment!" - they say after Doctor Faust. And at the same time, the moments of observation are always noted with the utmost possible accuracy: the time of the beginning and end of the observation, as well as its duration. Without a time stamp, any result of astronomical observations - a drawing, photograph or a recorder's register - does not have scientific value... Conversely, the ever-increasing accuracy of time measurements of the same natural phenomena sometimes leads to new discoveries.

Time cannot be stopped. It can be slowed down for the crew and for things moving in the spacecraft at near light speed. According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, the greater the speed, the greater the deceleration. In the spacecraft itself, on itself, on its watch, the crew will not notice any changes in flight, but a meeting at their own cosmodrome with bearded elders, who will be great-grandchildren of the cosmonauts, will convince them that time on Earth and in flight flowed differently.

You can shield space, but not time. You can return to the old place, but time is irreversible. We can travel seamlessly into the future - at a speed human life or, overtaking the rest, inside a spaceship, but the prohibition on travel to the past is categorical. Once in the past, a person or thing could lead to the absurdity of the events of our time. Time is irreversible, which means that it is no longer possible to change the order of the moves, it is impossible to put the effect before its cause. " You cannot enter the same river twice“, Said the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. " And the river is not the same and I have changed“.

However, in time there are repetitive, periodic processes such as heartbeats, swinging of a pendulum, pulsation of a star, ebb and flow in the ocean, rotation of the planet. All revolutions of the Earth, both around its axis and around the Sun, would be strictly the same in time, if ... If there was a complete vacuum around, there would be no electric and magnetic fields, there would be no other celestial bodies exerting on the Earth its gravitational influence, if it did not shrink, if no processes were taking place inside, if a person did not build reservoirs on it, turn rivers back and generally sit quietly ... In other words, if the Earth did not experience any external influence, then and the planet would revolve forever, and the time of the universe would become reversible... But, as you know - moreover, you constantly feel! - this is not true. Therefore, we have to put up with such a passage of time and the state of affairs that we have.

The history of the relationship between man and time is a constant and arduous attempt of the mind to divide the general and non-stop flow of time into certain, more or less understandable and specific segments. At some point, the banal gradation for day (wakefulness) and night (sleep) ceased to be enough for a person. The gradual complication of the human mind led to an ever-increasing need for more detailed concretization. So the clock was born.

Watch

Composition on the topic Time | GNOMON

The first clocks invented by man were solar clocks, which are often called gnomon... They were a stick stuck into the ground vertically or at a slight angle. From the subjective point of view of earthlings, the sun does not stand still, but moves across the firmament, and the shadow from the gnomon moves in the opposite direction. Observing the movement of the shadow, the ancient people concluded what time it was. More advanced models of the gnomon could be taken. For example, Indian fakirs used special multifaceted staves with a cord, which made it possible to very accurately determine the time at any time of the year. It is known that at different times of the year the sun moves across the sky in different ways, and both the angle at which it rises and the length of daylight hours change.

The disadvantages of a sundial are obvious: they are entirely dependent on the luminary, and therefore, as soon as it hides behind a cloud or goes beyond the horizon at night, it becomes impossible to determine the time.

Composition on the topic Time | CLEPSYDRA

The next improvement was the well-known to this day hourglass, which appeared around 250 BC. Sand is slowly poured through the narrow hole, so that using different amounts of it, you can achieve that it will get enough sleep, for example, in one hour. It is very easy to wind such a watch - you just need to turn it over. The hourglass is still used today on ships. There is even special term"Flasks" - they designate the strikes on the ship's bell, made every half hour by the watchmen. By the way, the best sand for an hourglass, according to ancient chronicles, is obtained from marble sawdust, if they are boiled with wine nine times, removing the foam each time, and then dried in the sun.

In 800 AD, the Arab caliph Harun al-Rashid sent a mechanical watch as a gift to Charles the Great, but the Europeans for a long time could not learn how to make them on their own. It was only after 1300 that mechanical watches began to be produced in Northern Italy and southern Germany. In such watches, the gears regulating the movement of the hands were driven by slowly descending weights, and not by water. Similar clocks were installed on the towers cathedrals so that all residents of the city can see them.

Another breakthrough came in 1550, when coil springs were used instead of weights, which made it possible to make the watch compact. They were already installed not only on church bell towers, but also in houses.

However, none of these mechanical devices, powered by water or weights, were extremely accurate. It was enough for people if they were able to determine the time with an accuracy of the hour: on most clocks of that time, there was only one hand, the hour, at all.

Composition on the topic Time | PENDULUM CLOCK GALILEYA

In 1650, the best mechanical clocks were wrong in time by an average of 5 minutes per day. To make the mechanism more precise, it was necessary to find something more stable than dripping water or sinking weights.

The turning point came in 1581, when a 17-year-old Italian boy named Galileo Galilei, while in one of the Pisa cathedrals, instead of listening to prayer, noticed a huge chandelier swinging from the ceiling - and it swayed exceptionally evenly, which Galileo checked according to your own pulse. This is how the pendulum was invented.

The pendulum (which in Latin means "swing") actually swings from side to side at a given time, and the swing time depends on the length of the pendulum. And the length can be adjusted so that it rolls to the nearest second. Such a pendulum was discovered by the French mathematician Maren Mersenne; its length was about 85 centimeters.

In 1657, a Dutch astronomer invented a clock in which hanging weights made the pendulum move, and the constant movement of the pendulum (and not the weights themselves, as it was before) and ensured the clock. Such clocks were much more reliable than all their predecessors: even the first pendulum clocks were in a hurry and lagged behind by no more than ten seconds a day. By 1730 the deviation was reduced to 1 second, by 1830 to one tenth, by 1885 to one hundredth, and by 1925 to one five thousandth of a second.

However, the pendulum clock could not be used on board the ship, since by a The pendulum does not allow the pendulum to swing at regular intervals. Fortunately for seafarers, there is an object even smaller than a pendulum that moves just as evenly even in unstable conditions. The so-called hairspring (invented by the same Huygens in 1675) was made of tempering steel, which compresses and weakens with constant rhythmic movements. If such a spring is continuously moving, slowly unwinding the main spring, it will activate the mechanism of a small watch that can fit in a pocket and withstand the rolling of the ship. At first, such a clock was pocket, since they were worn in pockets, most often in waistcoats, while the ladies had to do without watches. However, after the Second World War, it became popular to wear a watch on the wrist because of its convenience.

Calendar

Composition on the topic Time | CALENDAR

Having traced the main stages of improving the clock, it's time to talk about the calendar as such - after all, it is impossible to cover a period of time exceeding a day with one clock.

Measuring life for days is generally quite inconvenient. If someone says that he, for example, lived in some city for about 4400 days, it will cause confusion. Probably, even primitive people felt the need for a longer period than a day. And, while the length of the day was determined by the movement of the sun, the calendar is based on the phases of the moon.

Unlike the sun, the moon changes... Of course, not by itself, but from the same subjective point of view of earthlings. This is due to the peculiarities of rotation and circulation: the Moon around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun, respectively. The exact time it takes for the moon to complete a full circle is on average 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes and 11.5 seconds. This period of time is called stellar month... However, it is not equal to the time it takes for the moon to pass all phases from the new moon through the full moon to the next new moon - this interval is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds. It is this period that has been used since antiquity to measure time.

In the time of the Romans, the pontiffs (high priests) watched over the young month, and when it appeared solemnly proclaimed the beginning of a new cycle. In Latin, “proclaim” sounds like “kalare”, so the first day of each month was called kalends. This is where the word comes from calendar, which was originally called a table showing the different months.

However, for all their achievements in this area, the Romans split the month in a very illogical way. Moreover, they counted the numbers not in order, as we do, but backwards. Fortunately, the Roman system has not survived, and now we are using the Babylonian system. After calculating that the period between any two phases is about seven days, the Babylonians identified week... By the way, the word “week” is of Teutonic origin and means “change”. The change of the moon, of course.

Essay on the topic "Time"

The appearance of the week as such required the allocation of individual days within it, and each day got its own name. The Romans used the names of celestial bodies as names: Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. In some languages ​​of the Romano-Germanic group of the Indo-European family, the names of the days of the week still correspond to them.

Finally, the last, largest division entering a year is the season. At the dawn of his existence, when a person was a hunter, a month was enough, but the situation changed when he switched to a productive economy and began to grow food on his own. Unlike hunting, farming in b O more dependent on the change in time. The farmer must know when the weather is favorable for sowing or harvesting. By the way, the very phrase “season” came from the Latin language and means “sowing time” in translation.

For most of the Earth, there are four seasons - winter, spring, summer and autumn. Their isolation and isolation did not require outstanding technical or intellectual achievements: it was enough just to observe the changes in nature in order to understand its simple cycle, which always remains unchanged. The first farmers noticed that during each such time of the year, three moons change in the sky, which means that each season lasts three months. The four seasons make up the twelve months to which we are accustomed.

Conclusion of the essay on the topic "Time"

Observing human attempts to streamline the flow of time, to make it more understandable for oneself, one cannot but pay tribute to the inquiring mind that makes progress move forward. But at the same time, one cannot be surprised at the time as such, for which there are no frames or boundaries, and its only order is a constant movement forward with an incomprehensible speed. Whether time will remain after our death, or whether it is subjective so much that it exists only in our consciousness - we will never know.

Maybe it's for the best.

Did you like this essay on the topic of time? Leave a comment and share your impressions with others!

Time is an important category for a person. It moves unstoppably, shortening our time on earth. It seems that there is still a lot of time ahead, but a person cannot predict what awaits him tomorrow. The mortal and self-confident Berlioz talks arrogantly about time. In a conversation with Woland, he declares his plans for the evening, which the devil laughs at, denying the possibility of these plans being realized. And only the surviving Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev (Homeless) realizes the whole truth of Woland's statements. Everything that happens in the park on the Patriarch's Ponds is almost instantaneous, but what role did these events play in everyone's life?

2. A.S. Pushkin "Shot"

In Belkin's Tales, a special place is occupied by the story of Silvio, a desperately brave and daring man who devoted his life to the idea of ​​revenge. Once, having experienced humiliation from a more successful and even more daring person, he decides that it is necessary to take revenge on the offender at all costs. Having retired, he settles in a remote corner, in anticipation of the moment when it will be possible to strike back and necessarily a fatal blow. Years pass before he learns that his opponent has married his beloved woman. He returns for his missed shot. The moment that passes during the repeated duel lasts seconds, but for the count, at whom the pistol is pointed, the whole life passes. Subsequently, he tells the landowner Belkin how he understood in a few minutes his whole life and all the bad things that he did to his opponents.

3. I.A. Bunin "Mister from San Francisco"

The main character of this story, Bunin, has no name, because this man thought very well of himself. In his opinion, he had the right to superiority over all other ordinary people, therefore the author calls him a lord. Throughout his life he "worked", as Bunin writes, and this was very clear to all workers brought from China, working for a penny, in fact, for food and shelter. All my life was devoted to hoarding in order to one day taste the joy and sweetness of being on vacation in Europe. However, life cannot be planned. Upon arrival in Cyprus, the gentleman suddenly becomes ill. Within minutes he dies without ever having tasted the joy of life. But the hero living on this sun-drenched island - "Lorenzo, a tall old boatman, a carefree reveler and a handsome man, famous throughout Italy", never thinking about profit and life for the future, enjoys the sun and the joy of being given to him by God.