Slide 2

Ancient Greece mythology

The mythological culture of Ancient Greece is based on material-sensual or animate-intelligent cosmologism. The cosmos is understood here as an absolute, a deity and as a work of art. The Greek idea of \u200b\u200bthe world is reduced to the idea of \u200b\u200bit as a theatrical stage, where people are actors, and all together are a product of the Cosmos.

Slide 3

Myths about the Greek gods

The Greeks believed in many gods. According to myths, the gods behaved like people: they fought, quarreled, fell in love. They all lived on Olympus

Slide 4

Zeus

Zeus is the god of the sky, thunder and lightning, who knows the whole world. Chief of the Olympian gods, father of gods and people, third son of the titan Kronos and Rhea. Brother of Hades, Hestia, Demeter and Poseidon. Zeus's wife is the goddess Hera. Zeus' attributes were: a shield and a double-sided ax, sometimes an eagle.

Slide 5

Hades

The kingdom of the dead was ruled by Hades, brother of Zeus. Few myths have survived about him. The kingdom of the dead was separated from the rest of the world by the deep river Styx, through which the souls of the dead were transported by CHARON. Cerberus or Kerberus, in Greek myth-making, the watchdog of the kingdom of the dead, guarding the entrance to the world of Hades

Slide 6

Poseidon

Poseidon (among the Romans, Neptune) was the Greek god of the seas and oceans. He is depicted in the guise of a domineering bearded man, somewhat similar to Zeus, with a trident in his hand. Poseidon is the wildest of the gods, the god of storms and earthquakes, rapid and merciless tidal waves - dangers that are exposed when the forces that dormant beneath the surface of consciousness are released. His animal symbols are a bull and a horse.

Slide 7

Demeter

Demeter was the great Olympian goddess of agriculture, grain, and human bread. She also presided over the region's foremost secret cults, whose initiators were promised her patronage on the path to a happy afterlife. Demeter was depicted as a mature woman, often wearing a crown and holding a sheaf of wheat and a torch.

Slide 8

Hestia

Gestia is the goddess of the family hearth and sacrificial fire in ancient Greece. Eldest daughter of Kronos and Rhea. Sister of Zeus, Demeter, Hades and Poseidon. Her image was in the Athenian Pritaneum. It was called "who owns the Pythian laurel." She was offered a sacrifice before the beginning of any sacred rite, regardless of whether the latter was of a private or public nature, due to which the saying "start with Hestia" was formed, which served as a synonym for a successful and correct approach to business.

Slide 9

Hera

Gera is the goddess, the patroness of marriage, protecting the mother during childbirth. One of the twelve Olympic deities, the supreme goddess, wife of Zeus.

Slide 10

Sculpture of Ancient Greece

Ancient Greek sculpture is one of the highest achievements of the culture of antiquity, which left an indelible mark on world history. The origin of Greek sculpture can be attributed to the era homeric Greece (XII-VIII centuries BC). Already in the archaic era, in the 7th-6th centuries, wonderful statues and ensembles were created. The heyday and highest rise of Greek sculpture fell on the period of the early and high classics (5th century BC). And IV century BC. e., already a period of late classics.

Slide 11

The sculptures of the archaic era are dominated by statues of slender naked youths and draped young girls - kuros and barks. Neither childhood nor old age attracted the attention of artists at that time, because only in mature youth are vital forces in bloom and balance. Early Greek sculptors created images of Man and Woman in their ideal form. Archaic sculptures were not as uniformly white as we imagine them now. Many have preserved traces of coloring. The artists were looking for mathematically verified proportions of the human body and "body" of the architecture "Goddess with a pomegranate" from Keratea 580-570 "Discobolus" Myron 460-450 BC.

Slide 12

Ancient greek temples

The main task of architecture among the Greeks was the construction of temples. It has generated and worked out art forms... Throughout the entire historical life of Ancient Greece, its temples retained the same basic type, later adopted by the Ancient Romans. Greek temples did not resemble the temples of Ancient Egypt and the East: they were not colossal, religiously awe-inspiring, mysterious temples of formidable, monstrous deities, but welcoming abodes of humanoid gods, arranged like the dwellings of ordinary mortals, but more graceful and wealthy.

Slide 13

Architecture

The main task of architecture among the Greeks was the construction of temples. Throughout the entire historical life of Ancient Greece, its temples retained the same basic type. the column played an important role in Greek architecture: its forms, proportions and decorative finishing subordinated the forms, proportions and decoration of other parts of the structure; she was the module that defines his style. The columns of Ancient Greece are divided into two styles: The Doric style is distinguished by its simplicity, power, even the heaviness of its forms, their strict proportionality and full compliance with mechanical laws. Its column is a circle in its section; In the Ionic style, all forms are lighter, softer and more graceful than in the Doric style. The column stands on a rectangular, rather wide foot Temple of Apollo Temple of Artemis

Slide 14

Vase painting

The ancient Greeks painted all types of pottery used for storage, eating, rituals and festivals. Ceramics, especially carefully designed, were donated to temples or invested in burials. Tens of thousands of ceramic vessels and their fragments, which have undergone severe firing, are resistant to environmental influences. From the second half of the 7th century. before the beginning of the 5th century BC. human figures began to appear on the images. The most popular motives for images on vases are feasts, battles, mythological scenes telling about the life of Hercules and the Trojan War. At different times in their lives, the Greeks used different types vase painting: black-figure, red-figure, vase painting on a white background, gnafia vases, Kanoz, Centurip. Red-figure vase painting Black-figure vase painting Vase-Gnafia Vase painting on a white background Centuripian vase painting

Slide 15

Ancient greek writing

The ancient Greeks developed their writing based on the Phoenician. Some Greek letter names are Phoenician words. For example, the name of the letter "alpha" comes from the Phoenician "aleph" (bull), "beta" - from "bet" (house). They also came up with some new letters. This is how the alphabet turned out. The Greek alphabet already had 24 letters. The Greek alphabet formed the basis for Latin, and Latin became the basis for all Western European languages. The Slavic alphabet also originated from the Greek. The invention of the alphabet is a huge step forward in the development of culture.

Slide 16

Literature

Of the vast array of works of ancient Greek literature, only very few have survived. The literature of Ancient Greece is divided into two periods: The Archaic period is the main phenomenon - Homeric poems, representing the completion of a long series of lesser experiments in legendary poetry, as well as religious and everyday songwriting. This also includes the Odyssey and the Iliad. The classical period - during this period comedy and tragedy prevailed, reflecting the real political life of the Greeks. Hellenistic period - among the scientific disciplines of that time, philology or literary criticism... The removal of poetry from politics, as it were, was compensated for by idyllic pictures of common life

Slide 17

Sources:

Wikipedia and other Internet resources

View all slides

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

1 slide

Slide Description:

2 slide

Slide Description:

The type of progressive development in the history of mankind is represented by the ancient civilization of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and modern European civilization By the end of XX century. a generalized concept was formed - Western civilization, which reflects the unity of peoples and the common values \u200b\u200bof the common European home. The culture of the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia was created by emigrants, so they are not independent civilizations, but belong to Western civilization.

3 slide

Slide Description:

Specific features of Western civilization the idea of \u200b\u200bthe primacy of the existence of Western civilization, based on the concept of continuous assimilation and transformation of the historical experience of ancient peoples (the Jews gave religious impulses, the Greeks - philosophy, the Romans - "Roman law" and a high degree of organization of the state; the emergence on the basis of the great form of the human spirit - Christianity ("axis of history" - the birth of Christ.) Christianity became the source of Western freedom, and humanism - a form of education and consciousness; unlike the closed civilizations of China and India, the territory of the West is diverse, therefore the countries have a peculiar look; the West, in contrast to China and India, inherent in the idea of \u200b\u200bpolitical freedom;

4 slide

Slide Description:

Specific features of Western civilization, in contrast to Eastern thinking, for the West is characterized by consistent rationality, which made it possible to develop mathematics, logic and law; the man of the West has realized that he is the beginning and creator of everything, he is “the measure and value of all things,” he has realized a certain absolute “I”; if the East is a state of peace, then the West is a constant spiritual and political tension of spiritual energy. The desire for renewal led to the struggle between the state and the church, Christianity and culture, the empire and individual peoples, Catholicism and Protestantism, philosophy and theology; the civilizational processes of the West are aimed at organizing a comfortable space around a person, the East is at spiritual improvement;

5 slide

Slide Description:

Specific Features of Western Civilization The Western world developed within the internal polarity of the West and the East. However, the Greeks, as the founders of Western civilization, constantly looked to the East; characterized by a constant process of human change throughout the life of one generation, the rejection of the young way of life and the experience of the older generation. Hence the eternal problem of "fathers and children". The past is perceived as material for learning lessons, and society is oriented towards moving into the future; Europeans for centuries systematically mastered the space of the Earth: 1492 - Columbus discovered America; 1498 - Vasco da Gama reaches India; 1519-1522 - Magellan made a trip around the world; Western science and technology have revolutionized the entire world, initiating the global history of mankind. We will trace the origin and formation of the Western type of civilization using the example ancient civilizations Europe

6 slide

Slide Description:

7 slide

Slide Description:

ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT GREECE - a group of civilizations of the III millennium BC. e. - I century. BC BC, created by the Greek-speaking population on the territory of modern Greece (southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent islands) and the region of Magna Graecia (Cyprus, the Caucasus, Crimea, Ionia (western coast of Asia Minor - modern Turkey), Sicily and southern Italy, the Mediterranean coast , Black and Azov seas). Geeks called their country Hellas, and themselves Hellenes. The name "Greece" comes from the times of ancient Rome.

8 slide

Slide Description:

The origins of Greek civilization belong to geographically distinct but interconnected prehistoric cultures - the Aegean civilization of the Bronze Age (3000 to 1000 BC) Cycladic; Trojan; Crete-Minoan; Hellas-Mycenaean (on the mainland of Greece).

9 slide

Slide Description:

Cycladic civilization (3500-2000 BC) - flourished on the islands of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea (literal translation - "lying around" - reflects the location relative to the Temple of Apollo on the island of Delos). The achievements of civilization are striking: the construction of 2-4-storey houses with terracotta bathrooms, stone latrines and elegant wooden furniture; the presence of a system of canals under the streets of cities (Fera Island); high level of execution of marble vases, ceramic bowls, silver jewelry and statues; ceremonies, festivals and gods played an important role in art and everyday life; developed trade with the Middle East, Egypt and the Aegean islands.

10 slide

Slide Description:

The reason for the death of civilization: the threat of a catastrophe due to a volcanic eruption forced the inhabitants to sail away to an unknown place. Myths collected by the Greek poet Geosides in the VIII century. BC, allegorically preserved the history of the space struggle between Zeus and the monster Typhon. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato told about the achievements of the disappeared civilization of Atlantis.

11 slide

Slide Description:

Trojan Civilization (Western Anatolia, Turkey) In the 19th century. German self-taught archaeologist G. Schliemann lifted the veil of oblivion over the historic fortress city of Troy on the hill of Hisarlik (“small castle”). Excavations have yielded 10,000 gold artifacts to the world. 10-year Trojan War, which took place in the XIII century. BC, sung by the great Homer in the poems Iliad and Odyssey (VIII century BC). The Greeks perceive the Homeric epic as a genuine historical narrative. Scientists believe that the cause of the war was not the beautiful Elena, but the establishment of control over trade from the Aegean to the Black Sea.

12 slide

Slide Description:

Ancient myths: the myth of the abduction by Zeus in the guise of a white bull of the Phoenician princess Europe. From this union on about. Crete gave birth to 3 sons (one of them is the legendary king Minos); the myth of how the master Daedalus built a palace-labyrinth for Minos in the city of Knossos. The hero Theseus defeated the Minotaur monster, finding a way out of the labyrinth with the help of "Ariadne's thread". The Cretan-Minoan civilization (2500-1400 BC) is the most powerful civilization that conquered the entire Mediterranean. Discovered by the English archaeologist A. Evans Maze Palace at Knossos

13 slide

Slide Description:

Achievements of a great civilization: Innovations in the construction business: the world's first highly developed monumental palace culture (1900 BC, the "golden age" fell on 1700-1470 BC). The palace complex is a multi-storey building with a ventilation system, water supply and light shafts, connected by a complex system of passages, decorated with frescoes. Center for storing food, raw materials and foreign trade (farmers stored surplus crops); 2. Innovations in public administration: the form of the state - thalassocracy - the kingdom was based on a well-thought-out social hierarchy, where the apparatus of officials controlled society from a certain single social stratum of blood relatives. This ensured peace and social balance; 3. Innovations in craft and metal processing - fine processing of bronze (they did not know iron); 4. Innovations in navigation: creation of a strong fleet;

14 slide

Slide Description:

4. Innovations in culture: invented linear writing (not deciphered) instead of hieroglyphic writing. 5. Innovations in art: the creation of a nautical style for painting ceramics (images of octopuses, dolphins and corals against the background of rocks and algae (1500 BC). Art reflected the love of the sea, competition and festivities, luxury and pleasure. Cretan labyrinth Cretan palace frescoes in the palaces of Crete

15 slide

Slide Description:

How and why did civilization die? In 1470 BC. the Minoan civilization collapsed under the blows of Mycenae. For a century, palaces (except for Knossos) have perished in the fire. In 1380 BC. earthquakes darkened the Aegean kingdoms, but their history was immortalized greek myths... ceramics female figurines Frescoes of Crete

16 slide

Slide Description:

Mycenaean civilization (XVI-XII centuries BC) In the absence of political unity in the late Helladic period, Mycenae, located in Balkan Greece and inhabited by the Achaean Greeks, became the center of Greek civilization. Distinctive features of civilization: pronounced military character (supremacy in the Trojan War, the establishment of dominance over the Aegean Sea); division of the state into Near and Far provinces (16 regions); type of state - ancient Eastern despotism of the palace kingdoms; the creation of an extensive bureaucratic apparatus; the palace is the control center and industrial and economic center of architects, mechanics, armourers and jewelers; lack of money and market trade (payment in kind); religion occupied a special place. Mycenaean palaces

17 slide

Slide Description:

Civilization left a tremendous legacy (archaeological discoveries by G. Schliemann) - powerful defensive fortifications made of huge rough stone blocks; Lion's Gate, decorated with a bas-relief of 2 lionesses; the golden tomb of the kings - the tomb of Atreus - these are underground structures with domed vaults located in a circle; palace complexes (borrowed from the Cretans); ceramics; clay tablets with texts; the most important are the myths that became the starting point for the development of Western civilization. Lion's Gate Tomb of Atreus Scheme of the Tomb Golden Mask of King Atreus

18 slide

Slide Description:

In the XII century. BC. the Mycenaean palace system suddenly collapsed. Ambiguity from the point of view of various scientists of the causes of the death of civilization: civil war; social upheaval or slave revolt; foreign invasion; the rupture of trade with the East and famine; epidemics; soil erosion (deforestation); earthquakes.

19 slide

Slide Description:

At this stage, the following processes were taking place: ethnic consolidation of the Greek world; the formation, flourishing and crisis of polis structures with democratic and oligarchic forms of statehood; the highest cultural and scientific flourishing of the ancient Greek civilization was achieved. Polis period in the history of Ancient Greece (XI-IV centuries BC) - The main stages of the polis period I stage: Homeric (pre-polis) period XI-IX centuries. BC e. (named after the author of the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" - Homer). At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. from Central Europe, the "barbarian" tribes of the legendary Dorians invaded the Balkan Peninsula. They were not the cause of the death of the Mycenaean civilization, but they finally destroyed it. The local population was turned into slaves. The history of Greece began almost anew, therefore this period is called the Dark Ages. Dorian warrior

20 slide

Slide Description:

Signs of a general decline in culture: primitive agricultural settlements arose in the place of destroyed cities and palace culture; decline in the level of culture, loss of writing (Cretan writing); revival of tribal relations; domination of natural economy. At the end of the period, there was the formation of a pre-city public organization (early class society) and the revival of material culture. Borrowing by the Dorians of the achievements of the Mycenaeans: a potter's wheel; metal processing technique; shipbuilding techniques; the culture of growing grapes and olives. But it was the Dorians who brought the art of iron smelting and used it to make tools.

21 slide

Slide Description:

Stage II: Archaic Greece (VIII-VI centuries BC) Socio-economic and political changes widespread introduction of iron in all areas of production; the growth of the economic independence of families weakened the dependence on the clan; the emergence of elements of private property; separation of crafts from agriculture; the transition to the market created the foundations of commodity production; urban growth; trade has become international; ethnic consolidation of Hellenic society (evidenced by the recognition of the city of Delphi with the oracle of Apollo and the city of Olympia with the Temple of Zeus and the Olympic Games as common Greek religious centers). In the period of the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. there was the formation of policies. Polis is a small sovereign city-state united by a common language, religion, cultural traditions, political and trade ties.

22 slide

Slide Description:

The heyday of the great Greek colonization in the 7th-6th centuries. BC. Economic reasons for colonization: lack of food due to the growing population of Greece; the need to increase the number of slaves as the main labor force. Political reasons for colonization: the flight of political opponents as a result of the struggle between the demos and the aristocracy. Regions of colonization: Mediterranean (Italy, Spain, North Africa and islands in the sea); Northern Black Sea region and Azov region (Olbia, Chersonesos, Panticapaeum, Bosporan kingdom); Coast of Asia Minor. Only immigrants from Miletus founded 70 colonies on the Black Sea coast).

23 slide

Slide Description:

In Athens, the archon (elected ruler) Solon carried out a reform to abolish debt slavery, which laid the foundations of Athenian democracy (the rule of the people) and its antipode - a special form of tyranny with the aim of protecting peasants and artisans. At the end of the archaic period, slavery spread to cities, regardless of the form of organization of the polis. In the 6th century BC. the struggle of the demos (people) against the aristocracy for the land unfolded the struggle of the demos against the aristocracy Slavery in Ancient Greece

24 slide

Slide Description:

After the victory in the Greco-Persian wars, the city of Athens became the most influential political and cultural center. Athens reached its maximum power in the "Golden Age of Pericles" (an outstanding politician, commander, democrat, was elected strategist 15 times). The cultural flourishing was ensured by the titans of Greek thought - Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. Classical Greece (V-IV centuries BC) - the era of the highest flowering of ancient Greek society and culture

25 slide

Slide Description:

Political and economic rivalry between the policies led to the creation of military alliances and wars. Reasons: 1. Political contradictions: the struggle to establish their own political structure of the policy: Athens represented democracy, Sparta - oligarchy and domination in Greece; 2. Ethnic contradictions: the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians; 2. Economic contradictions: the trade war between Athens and Corinth. Sparta established hegemony

26 slide

Slide Description:

The weakness of the policies was taken advantage of by the Macedonian king Philip II, who created and headed the Corinthian Union of Greek states (337 BC). As a result of the Corinthian War (395 BC), Persia imposed a humiliating peace on the Greeks, the execution of which was controlled by Sparta. To fight Sparta, the Second Athenian Naval Union was created, which disintegrated after the war.

27 slide

Slide Description:

Hellenism is a new stage in the history of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, which began with the campaigns of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great in the IV century. BC. and ended with the conquest of the Hellenistic states by Ancient Rome in the 1st century. BC. The reign of Alexander the Great (336-323 BC) led to the short-term (12 years) establishment of a world power (Greece, Persia, part of India, Egypt). Alexander vigorously suppressed the insurrection in the Balkans and invaded Asia. The reasons for the invasion of Macedonian troops into Asia: the liberation of Anatolian Greece from the barbarians; revenge for troubles during the Greco-Persian wars; the idea of \u200b\u200bspreading Hellenic culture to the east. THE HELINISTIC WORLD AT THE SOURCES OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION (IV-I centuries BC) Tsar Alexander, brought up by Aristotle on the models of high Hellenic culture, was convinced that he was descending on the paternal line from Hercules, and on the maternal line from Achilles. He died at the age of 33.

28 slide

Slide Description:

The insignificance of the Greco-Macedonian army in the conquest of the world is striking: 40 thousand soldiers in Asia, 120 thousand in India. The greatest of the generals, the formidable ruler proved himself to be a brilliant organizer. The empire rested on the personality of Alexander, who possessed an inhuman capacity for work.

29 slide

Slide Description:

The main goal of Alexander the Great is the creation of a Greek-Eastern type of statehood based on Greek philosophy and monarchist traditions of the East. Alexander's reforms: creation of a complex fiscal structure for collecting taxes; the introduction of a single currency - Macedonian coins according to the Attic weight standard; measures to merge the conquered peoples and Greeks into a single people. Methods: mixed marriages (during the "wedding in Susa" 10 thousand soldiers were married to girls from Asia in one day); construction of 34 cities in the empire - Alexandria, which became the conductors of Greek culture and language; upbringing of 30 thousand Iranian children on the models of Greek culture; resettlement of people to different parts of the empire; construction of roads, canals and ships. The ideal of the unity of mankind, denying the difference between Greeks and barbarians, great innovations - brilliantly confirmed Plutarch's idea that history sometimes depends on one great man.

30 slide

Slide Description:

After destructive wars, the empire split into 3 large states: the Egyptian kingdom; Seleucid (Syrian) kingdom; Macedonian kingdom. This confirmed the importance of a political innovation - the institution of monarchy. However, kingdoms coexisted with several poleis (Athens and Corinth). With the approval of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. e. Greece became the Roman province of Achaia (except for the nominally free city of Athens). From the IV century. AD Greece formed the core of the Eastern Roman Empire - Byzantium.

31 slide

Slide Description:

Mythology of Ancient Greece A unifying role for the ancient Greek culture was played by mythology, the origins of which date back to the Cretan-Mycenaean period. The oldest were the deities that embodied the forces of nature. From the union of Gaia - earth and Uranus - sky - titans appeared, Ocean was the eldest. The younger Kronos killed his father in a dream out of revenge for the imprisonment of the Cyclops brothers in Tartarus and became the king of the gods. The children of Kronos, led by Zeus, triumphed against the titans and shared the power over the world.

32 slide

Slide Description:

The Olympian gods are the gods of the 3rd generation in the ancient Greek pantheon, the supreme deities who lived on Mount Olympus.The Olympians included the children of Kronos and Rhea Zeus - the supreme god of the ancient Greek pantheon, the god of heaven, thunder and lightning Hera (Zeus' wife) - the patroness of marriage and family Poseidon - god of the seas, springs and waters. Hades - god of the underworld of the dead Demeter - goddess of fertility and agriculture Hestia - patroness of the hearth Olympian gods, descendants of Zeus Ares - god of war Athena (emerged from the head of Zeus in a battle helmet and shell) - goddess of military wisdom, patroness of sciences and crafts Aphrodite (born from the foam of the sea on the island of Cyprus) - the goddess of love and beauty Artemis - the goddess of fertility, the Moon, the patroness of animals and hunting, later - the patroness of female chastity and women in labor Hephaestus (husband of Aphrodite) - the god of fire and blacksmithing Hermes - the god of trade, cunning, speed and theft, the messenger of the Olympian gods, the patron saint of travelers and trade Apollo - the god of light, the supreme patron of medicine and art, his companions - 9 muses Dionysus - the god of winemaking and fun, special festivities were dedicated at the end of the agricultural year - Dionysia Persephone - the goddess of spring, the queen Realms of the Dead

33 slide

Slide Description:

34 slide

Slide Description:

35 slide

Slide Description:

In parallel with mythology, a cult practice developed - sacrifices and prayers, which took place in temples. Each city had a patron god Athena - the patroness of the city of Athens; Olympia - the center of worship of Zeus, to whom the Olympic competitions were dedicated; Delphi is the center of the Earth, the site of the main sanctuary of Apollo, where the Delphic oracle prophesied. Value ancient greek mythology: source of development of ancient Greek art; influence on the formation of mythology and religion of Ancient Rome; included in the European cultural process during the Renaissance; in modern world has a scientific, cognitive and aesthetic interest. Athena the Delphic Oracle

36 slide

Slide Description:

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Scientists of Ancient Greece tried to give a comprehensive picture of the world, different from the mythology level. There was a process of not just the accumulation of scientific knowledge (priests), but the development of professional science, which for the first time in history stood out as an independent sphere, the emergence of philosophy as a scientific theory, which gave an original solution to the main philosophical problems of the origin of the Universe and human nature Anaximander Anaximenes Democritus -my wise men "

37 slide

Slide Description:

The researcher of social and ethical problems of man was Socrates Plato - the founder of the school of idealism The most famous philosopher in the history of mankind - Aristotle - made a huge impact on the philosophy of the Middle Ages and Modern Times. Greatest philosophers of all times and peoples Plato and Aristotle

38 slide

Slide Description:

The foundations of historical science were laid by Herodotus. During his travels, Herodotus collected various information. The main work - "History" - is devoted to the Greco-Persian wars. Despite the lack of integrity and complete scientific character, he wrote down mostly reliable facts. Herodotus gave the first systematic description of the life and life of the Scythians in ancient literature. World map according to Herodotus Herodotus

39 slide

Slide Description:

In Greece, medical knowledge was generalized in several scientific medical schools. Achievements in the classical era of the doctor Hippocrates had a great influence on the development of medicine: reasoning about the causes of diseases, 4 temperaments, the role of prognosis in treatment. The Hippocratic Oath is the moral code of doctors around the world

40 slide

Slide Description:

EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE A unique system of upbringing and education has developed the ideal of a person in Hellas - a harmonious combination of physical and spiritual beauty. For the first time in history, the task of educating children of the free population (boys) arose. The structure of education was affected by political differences between the policies. In the center of education - democratically Athens - the following educational system took shape: Lower school (from 7 years old) - didaxaleion, where they taught literacy, literature, music, arithmetic, drawing; 2nd level of primary schools - grammar schools (from 12 to 15 years old) taught astronomy and philosophy. Training physical culture was carried out simultaneously in a special complex - a palaestra; Gymnasiums are state educational monumental buildings, centers of intellectual life of the polis. Boys aged 16-18 improved their skills in rhetoric, ethics, logic, geography and gymnastics. palaestra

41 slide

Slide Description:

The most famous schools of Ancient Greece are the Platonic Academy, where Plato talked with his students; Lyceum of Aristotle. 4. Higher educational institution - epheb (military and civilian education). A peculiar form of higher education can be considered circles that were grouped around prominent scientists (the famous talks of Socrates) Athens gymnasium

42 slide

Slide Description:

In Sparta, there was strict state control over the development of the individual. To improve the health of the inhabitants of the kingdom, members of the city council of elders dumped sickly newborn children into the abyss. The system of public schooling was compulsory for every boy and girl aged 8-20 years, while the child was torn away from the family. Children from 12 years old were divided into groups, headed by a pren (senior authoritative boy). The main elements of training: hunting, religious and military dances, physical exercises. Mental development was a personal matter of the Spartan.

43 slide

Cretan-Mycenaean period The architecture of the palace (as well as the architecture of all Cretan
palaces) really resembles the one described in the myth
a labyrinth with a chaotic arrangement of rooms with
various finishes and purposes. The walls of the palace are decorated
magnificent painting with a predominance of plant and
animal ornaments, in particular, there are many
images of a bull, which was apparently the main
cult animals of the era. All life in Crete was soaked
spirit of religion. The king was at the same time the supreme
priest, thus combining the highest secular and
spiritual authority. The palace also performed various
functions, being not only the residence of the ruler and
economic center, but also a temple. Heyday of the Cretan
(or, as it is also called, the Minoan) culture fell on
XVI-XV centuries. BC. and was cut off due to the most powerful
the eruption of a volcano located on the island of Santorini,
which destroyed almost all palaces and settlements. Completed
defeat of civilization invasion of the Achaean Greeks from the mainland
parts of Greece.

Homeric period

The Iliad and the Odyssey are the only evidence of
this period. Homer's poems reflect the life of society with
a much more primitive culture than the one that
appears before us in the monuments of the Cretan-Mycenaean
civilization. Homer's heroes - kings and representatives of the nobility
- live in wooden houses surrounded by a palisade, so
not similar to the palaces of the Mycenaean kings.
Few monuments of the Homeric period have come down to us.
The main building materials were wood and
adobe, monumental sculpture too
was wooden. The most striking art of this period
manifested itself in ceramic vases, painted
geometric patterns, as well as terracotta and
bronze figurines.
The Homeric period was unwritten.

Ceramics

The hallmark of the Homeric era is
called "geometric style" ceramics
(geometry) (900 - 700 BC). It
characterized by geometric construction
various objects, ornaments, people on vases,
amphorae and other household items. Geometric
style replaced the "protogeometric",
which was characteristic of the middle of the "dark
centuries "and from which the revival of culture began
ancient Greece. Towards the end of the Homeric era
art plots on ceramics are becoming
richer and more complex. Depicted
athletic competitions, mythical scenes, fighting
battles, dances and sports. This
the style originated in Athens and gradually
spread to other cities of the ancient
Greece and the Aegean islands.

Hydria in the style of geometry.

In general, the Homeric period was
time of decline, stagnation of culture, but
it was then that the prerequisites were created
skyrocketing Greek
society into archaic and
the classical era.

Archaic period

Archaic period (VIII - VI centuries BC),
the archaic period, this is the era of formation
Greek polis. in this period,
that followed the "dark ages"
there has been significant development
political theory, the rise of democracy,
philosophy, theater, poetry, revival
written language (appearance of Greek
alphabet instead of the one forgotten during the period of "dark
centuries "Linear B).

Ceramics

In the vase painting in the middle and 3rd quarter of the 6th century. BC e.
black-figure style reached its peak and around 530
BC e. - red-figure style.
In ceramics, an orientalizing style in which
the influence of the art of Phenicia and Syria is noticeable,
supplants the old geometric style.
The following are associated with the late archaic period
vase painting styles like black-figure pottery,
which arose in Corinth in the 7th century. BC e., and more
late red-figure pottery created by
vase painter Andocides circa 530 BC e.
Elements gradually appear in ceramics,
uncharacteristic of the archaic style and
borrowed from Ancient Egypt - such as
pose "left leg forward", "archaic smile",
a template stylized hair image - so
called "helmet hair".

Architecture

Archaic - the time of addition of monumental figurative
and architectural forms... During the Archaic era, the Doric
and Ionic architectural orders.
According to the most common periodization history
Greek art and architecture of the 5th century
it is customary to divide into two large periods: the art of the early
classics, or strict style, and high art, or
developed, classics. The border between them runs approximately in
mid-century, but the boundaries in art are generally quite
conditional, and the transition from one quality to another occurs
gradually and in different spheres of art with different
speed. This observation is true not only for the line between
early and high classics, but also between archaic and
early classical art.

Sculpture

In the archaic era, the main types are formed
monumental sculpture - a statue of a nude
male athlete (kouros) and draped girl
(bark).
The sculptures are made from limestone and
marble, terracotta, bronze, wood and rare
metals. These sculptures are like freestanding,
and in the form of reliefs - used for
decoration of temples and as tombstones
monuments. The sculptures are depicted as plots from
mythology and daily life... Statues in
life size unexpectedly appear
about 650 BC e.

Examples of archaic Greek art

Black-figure ceramics
Archaic kouros

Classic period

This period is an era, the pinnacle of the development of Greek culture, the most
a famous period in the history of Ancient Greece.
The classic period is divided into 3 stages:
early,
high
late classic.
During the early classics, polis democracy took shape,
a style is established that reveals the greatness of democracy and
citizen of the policy.
High classics give us examples of the highest examples of this
greatness.
During the late classical period, political changes lead to
economic and ideological crisis. Art
therefore reflects this crisis.

Architecture.

During the early and high classics, developed and
improved greek order... The temple became the focus of all
engineering and artistic achievements. They put temples in the most
beautiful, prominent places, be sure to connect them with the surrounding
nature. The Greek temple was built with the perception of the outside,
he acts as a creation of man, built according to his aesthetic
the laws that distinguish the temple from natural forms. Temple
served not only as the dwelling of the deity, where his statue was located, but also
repository of city treasures and treasury. Material for
the construction of temples served wood and marble, for decoration
used red and blue paints, as well as gilding.
The shrine of every Greek polis was the Acropolis - the upper
a city that served as a fortress and was cultural and religious
center. The highest achievement of ancient Greek architecture
is the Athenian Acropolis, rebuilt after the victory over
by the Persians in the 5th century BC e. The architects of the Acropolis were Iktin,
Callicrates and Mnesicles. The artistic director was a sculptor
Phidias, Pericles' closest friend. The Acropolis ensemble is different
free planning and is a symbol of power
democratic Athens.

Late classics reflect new trends in construction
Long and difficult Peloponnesian wars (431 - 404 years before
AD) accelerated the economic and political crisis of the policies,
therefore, Greek architecture poses new challenges.
Several new cultural centers are coming up, besides Athens:
Rhodes, Halicarnassus, Samothrace. Many monarchies
arising from the decline of Athens, demanded
exaltation of the king, power, which leads to the loss of harmony,
gigantism. The architecture is getting more lush, too
strives for grace, grace and decorativeness.
Purely Greek artistic tradition is intertwined with
Eastern influences coming from Asia Minor, where
Greek cities are subject to Persian rule. As well as
main architectural orders - Doric and
Ionic, the third, more elegant Corinthian is increasingly used. One of the most grandiose monuments
Greek architecture of the late classics was not extinct
us a tomb in the city of Halicarnassus of the ruler Mausolus, from
whose name was the word "mausoleum". IN
the Halicarnassus mausoleum combined all three orders. Height
buildings of about 50 meters, with its solemnity it
resembled the funeral structures of the ancient eastern
lords. The mausoleum was built by architects Satyr and Pythias, and his
sculptural decoration was entrusted to several masters, in
including Skopas.

tomb in the city of Halicarnassus

Sculpture

The sculpture of the classical period has overcome
numerous conventions of the previous
period. The classic period is divided into three stages
(early, high 22422j914w 3; and late classic),
in which sculpture solved different problems.
Early and high classics.
During the early and high classics of the main
the task was to overcome static and conventionality
archaic sculpture, as well as the search for an image
perfectly beautiful and harmoniously developed
citizen man, valiant warrior and
devoted patriot. During periods of early and high
classics for sculpture are characterized by:
Balance, greatness
Symmetry
Static
Idealization, generalization

Greek sculptors depicted people as they should
be. The inner world of the heroes is devoid of the struggle of feelings and thoughts. Faces
impassive and perfect. They are executed in the so-called "strict
style ": with any movement of the body, the face remains calm,
portraying a noble hero. It was at this time that the Greek
the philosopher defined the "golden mean" principle, according to which
a true Greek must live:
“Do not grieve too much in trouble and do not rejoice too much in happiness,
Know and another be able to valiantly wear in the heart. "
The sculptors faced the problem of mastering the movement,
realistic image of the human body and display of greatness
hero.
The most famous sculptor of the early classics is Myron (500-440 BC). The greatest realist and connoisseur of anatomy, discovered the "secret
plastic concept of movement ”. They said that he was subject to
image of any movement. His statues of athletes were different
naturalness, thoughtful composition and free movement.
"Discobolus" is an image of an Olympic hero. The first sculpture in
Ancient Greece, depicting a person in motion. Miron
managed to depict a spiral complex movement; the figure of an athlete
permeates tension: he is shown in a complex movement, at the moment,
when he puts all his energy into throwing the disc - this
the climax of the movement. Despite the complexity of the movement, in
the statue is dominated by a sense of stability. Only drawback
statues - it is designed to be viewed from only one point of view.

"Discus thrower"

Highly classic. The sculptor "of all times and peoples"
called Phidias (beginning of the 5th century - 432 BC). "Incarnator
higher ideas in sculpture ", master of relief and round
sculptures. Creator of the statues of Athena in the Parthenon and on
Acropolis, a sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, one of
wonders of the world - the statue of Olympian Zeus. Artworks
Phidias is attracted by epic strength and life-affirming
humanism. They sound with extraordinary expressiveness
characteristic of his era thought about the greatness of the citizen, which combines physical beauty and
moral purity and valor. Phidias' creations
grandiose, majestic and harmonious; form and content
are in perfect balance in them. In his sculptures
especially reflected that the gods in Greece are nothing more than
images of an ideal person. The main monument in the genre
relief is a frieze of the Parthenon depicting a procession
the Athenians on the day of the Great Panathenae. The frieze shows
more than 500 figures, and none of them repeat the other. Frieze
The Parthenon is considered the pinnacle of classical art.

Frieze of the Parthenon. Fragment.

Late classic (late 5th - 4th century BC). Greece
enters a period of crisis, expressed in
political instability, destruction of polis
institutions and the formation of a new attitude towards
the world. Place of the collectivist, idealized and
the generalized image of the hero-citizen takes
individualized personality with its own
interests, experiences and feelings. Art
loses its heroic, civic character,
it is more dramatic, lyrical,
becomes psychologically profound. Art
first began to serve aesthetic needs
and the interests of a private person, and not the policy as a whole;
but there were also works that claimed
monarchical principles.

Hellenism

A period in the history of the Mediterranean since the time of the hikes
Alexander the Great (334-323 BC) to the final
the establishment of Roman rule in these territories (30 BC).
A feature of the Hellenistic period was a wide
the spread of Greek culture on the territory of states,
which were formed after the death of Alexander the Great on
territories conquered by him, and the interpenetration of the Greek and
oriental cultures. Hellenistic culture is a synthesis
Greek and local oriental principles and traditions. In this period
many cultural centers arise: Alexandria in Egypt,
Pergamum in Asia Minor, the island of Rhodes. Military campaigns, trade
travel to other countries greatly expanded the horizons of the Greeks
and contributed to the development of technology, mechanics, mathematics,
astronomy, geography. During the Hellenistic era, famous
scientists: Euclid is the creator of elementary geometry, Archimedes is the founder of mechanics, Aristarchus of Samos is a geographer and astronomer,
Theophrastus is a botanist and geographer. An outstanding role belonged to
Alexandria in Egypt. The best scientific
strength, there was a scientific center - Museion and the greatest
library of antiquity.

Despite the rise of scientific thought, the state of Hellenism
experienced a deep crisis: the decline in the role of labor of free
citizens and low productivity of slave labor.
The contrast between fantastic wealth has sharpened
the slave-owning elite and the poverty of the masses. On this
the time comes the uprising of slaves, as well as peoples,
forcibly included in the great Hellenistic
states (movement in Judea, revolt in Pergamum). IN
the consciousness of the people of the Hellenistic era are developing
individualistic tendencies, a sense of insecurity about
yourself, powerlessness against fate. This is how the characteristic of
worldview of Hellenistic man consciousness
conflict with the surrounding reality,
conflict that gave rise to artistic images the elements
dissonance, tragic breakdown. Art wears secular
character, is an alloy different directions and
styles.

Architecture

Ensemble construction
Gigantomania
Mixing different styles
Splendor and luxury
Extensive urban planning, the cities were rectangular and
rational layout. Temples were given less attention, and were built
colonnaded promenade, amphitheaters under the open
sky, libraries, all kinds of public buildings, palaces and sports
structures. Luxury and more advanced construction technology only
could partially compensate for the loss of noble greatness and harmony,
which were characteristic of the architectural monuments of the classical era. IN
contrast to the buildings of the classical era, glorifying the polis and its
citizens, monuments of Hellenism glorified kings and rulers.
Alexandrian lighthouse. One of the 7 wonders of the world. He also served
observation post, meteorological station and fortress with
garrison. It reached 135 meters in height. Richly decorated with sculpture.
Altar of Zeus in Pergamum. The most complete picture of the ensemble
monumental structures of the Hellenistic capital center give
buildings of Pergamon. The Acropolis of Pergamon is a brilliant use case
natural conditions for the creation of an architectural complex,
including monumental buildings surrounded by colonnaded squares.
The central place was occupied by the Altar of Zeus, which is an L-shaped
a building with an Ionic colonnade and a frieze decorated with sculpture.

Alexandrian lighthouse

Altar of Zeus in Pergamum

Sculpture

Monumentalism
Variety of themes (heroic 22422j914w 3 ;, erotic 22422j914w
3 ;, household). Showing heroes in extreme states, gravitation towards themes
suffering, loneliness, struggle, cruelty, tragedy
Expressiveness, emotionality
Violent dynamics, complex shape
The craving for pomp and exaggeration increases (loss of proportion and
harmony)
Individualistic tendencies, immersion in the inner world
heroes
The Colossus of Rhodes. Wonder of the World. Image of the god Helios. Height 32 meters. I amazed not only by the size, but also by the technique of execution:
built of wood sheathed with bronze sheets.
Frieze of the Pergamon Altar. Heroic pathos of images, characteristic
for Hellenistic art, found its most striking
expression in grandiose sculptural compositions. High relief
120 m long, depicting the battle of the Olympian gods with giants,
densely packed with struggling figures. Found in the Pergamon frieze
the most complete reflection of one of the essential aspects
Hellenistic art - a special grandeur of images, their
superhuman 22422j914w 3; strength, exaggeration of emotions,
violent dynamics.

Project objectives: To form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe peculiarities of the culture of Ancient Greece; Get acquainted with various types of ancient Greek art and the historical stages of its development; Identify the most common genres of ancient Greek literature; Reveal the features of the origin of the ancient Greek writing.

Greece and its culture have a special place in world history. Thinkers of different eras and trends converge in a high assessment of ancient civilization. The French historian of the last century Ernest Renan called the civilization of ancient Greece "a Greek miracle". In science, philosophy, literature and fine arts Greece has surpassed the achievements of ancient Eastern civilizations that have been developing for more than three thousand years. Wasn't it a miracle?

The Art of Ancient Greece The art of Ancient Greece played an important role in the development of the culture and art of mankind. In Ancient Greece, an art was formed, imbued with faith in the beauty and greatness of a free person. The works of Greek art amazed subsequent generations with deep realism, harmonious perfection, the spirit of heroic life affirmation and respect for human dignity. Ancient Greece flourished different kinds arts, including spatial: architecture, sculpture, vase painting.

Sculpture Sculpture as a kind of craft existed long before the Greeks. Their main contribution is that in just two centuries they have taken an incredible step towards turning it into a modern type of art. The Greeks painted the statues, but did so with taste, in accordance with the quality of the material from which they were made.

Ancient Greek writing The ancient Greeks developed their writing based on the Phoenician language. Some Greek letter names are Phoenician words. For example, the name of the letter "alpha" comes from the Phoenician "aleph" (bull), "beta" - from "bet" (house). They also came up with some new letters. This is how the alphabet turned out. The Greek alphabet already had 24 letters. The Greek alphabet formed the basis for Latin, and Latin became the basis for all Western European languages. The Slavic alphabet also originated from the Greek. The invention of the alphabet is a huge step forward in the development of culture.

Literature of Ancient Greece Literature and art of Ancient Greece gave impetus to the development of European culture. In the archaic era, a pre-written epic created in the dark ages is recorded, in particular, the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. A whole constellation of masters of different lyrical forms arises - Alcaeus, Sappho, Anacreon, Archilochus and many others. In the classical era, drama becomes the leading genre, and theater is an obligatory attribute of the architecture of every city. The greatest playwrights of tragedy are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, comedies are Aristophanes. Outstanding representatives of the initial stage of historiography (literature describing states in the process of development) were Hecateus of Miletus, Herodotus and Thucydides. The ancient legends of the Greeks are very interesting - myths that tell about gods, titans, heroes.

The oratory of Isegoria (equal freedom of speech for all citizens) and isonomia (political equality) cause the flourishing of the once aristocratic art - oratory, for the manifestation of which there were enough reasons at meetings of the national assembly, council, court, at folk festivals and even in everyday life. Hellas is considered the homeland of eloquence. In the city-states of Hellas, a special atmosphere was created for the flourishing of eloquence.

In ancient Greece, paid teachers appeared - sophists (from the Greek. Sophistes-artisan, sage), who laid the foundations of rhetoric as a science of oratory... In the 5th century. BC. Corax opened a school of eloquence in Syracuse and wrote the first (not extant) textbook of rhetoric. The ancient era gave the world great orators: Pericles / BC / Demosthenes / BC / Socrates / BC / Plato / BC /

Conclusion Literature and art of Ancient Greece gave impetus to the development of European culture. Ancient Greece discovered man as a beautiful and perfect creation of nature, as the measure of all things. Magnificent examples of Greek genius manifested themselves in all spheres of spiritual and socio-political life: in poetry, architecture, sculpture, painting, politics, science and law.

Literature André Bonnard "Greek Civilization", Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 1994 Kazimierz Kumanetsky "History of Culture of Ancient Greece and Rome", M., "Higher School", 1990 Culturology (textbook and reader for students) Rostov- on-Don, "Phoenix", 1997 Lev Lyubimov "Art of the Ancient World", M., "Enlightenment", 1971 "Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Historian" M., "Pedagogy-Press", 1993 N. V. Chudakova, O. G Hinn: “I know the world” (culture), Moscow, AST, 1997.