One of the main issues he raises is the issue of courage and resilience. "What can help you defeat a stronger opponent?" - tries to understand Bardyshev.

He says that in the battle of Borodino there is "one moment, mysterious, almost mystical, which requires deep understanding."

The author compares what is happening on the battlefield with a chess game. A player in a chess game, realizing the hopelessness of his position, “humbly surrenders," Kutuzov, despite reports of “an almost hopeless situation," does not give an order to retreat. Bardyshev argues that the comparison with the game only partially explains the situation in which the Russian army found itself in the Battle of Borodino. But the fate of the motherland is at stake. Kutuzov does not give the order to retreat, because he sees the eyes of the soldiers, in which there was will, determination, perseverance.

"... about the dedication and courage of a simple soldier, the cunning plan of a commander crowned with laurels can break," - this is how I. Bardyshev formulates his position.

Probably the most famous works Russian literature about Borodino are the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "Borodino" and the description of the Battle of Borodino in the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Both Lermontov and Tolstoy emphasize the courage of the Russian soldiers.

Yes, there were people in our time,
A mighty, dashing tribe
Bogatyrs, not you, - (writes poet L. Tolstoy.)

Even before the start of the battle, he draws the readiness of Russian soldiers to defend their homeland: before the battle, the militias put on white shirts. “Wonderful, incomparable people,” says Kutuzov about his warriors. In battle, soldiers do their duty without showing off, not wondering why they are risking their lives.

Many battles of the Great Patriotic War were also won thanks to the courage of Russian soldiers. In K. Simonov's story "Days and Nights", war is portrayed as daily hard work with the full dedication of all forces. Proceeding from the fact that in war the unusual becomes common, heroism is the norm, the exceptional is translated by life itself into the category of the ordinary, Simonov creates the character of a restrained, somewhat stern, silent person. The war in a new way appreciated in people the essential and the insignificant, the main and not the main, the true and ostentatious. In the face of death, people stopped thinking about what they look like and what they seem to be.

IT Bardyshev made me think about a lot. He once again brought me back to the heroic past of our country, I realized that our people are indeed “wonderful, incomparable”, capable of rising to defend the country, showing miracles of courage and heroism.

Essay on "The Problem of Courage and Resilience" updated: October 5, 2019 by the author: Scientific Articles.Ru

The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, caring for loved ones, humanity, moral choice at war. The influence of war on human life, character and perception of the world. The participation of children in the war. Human responsibility for their actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M.Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man")

In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" can be seen a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character story Andrei Sokolov goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of those close to him, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought bravely, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

In the center of the story of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the verge of war, ended up in a foster family. The girl's own father was associated with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for upbringing. Liesel begins new life away from family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childish concerns, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides a Jew in the basement, looks after him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy, they scatter bread on the road along which the column of prisoners must pass. She is convinced that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and rejoice. It is not by chance that the narrative of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.

Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - Nineteen Years")

It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not take part in the battles, but he tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the carnage, the count is horrified at its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with a mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him to understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside each person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as a part human world... And war, from his point of view, is inhuman and unnatural.

The protagonist of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - Nineteen Years" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the reasons, the significance of the war for the people, man and life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the devaluation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal terrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... One and the same thought haunted: will it ever turn out that this war could not have happened? What could the people have been able to prevent this? And millions would have survived ... ".

How did the children experience the war events? What was their participation in the fight against the enemy? (L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son")

Not only adults, but also children stood up to defend their homeland during the war. They wanted to help their country, their city and their family in the fight against the enemy. In the center of the story by Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky "The Street of the Youngest Son" is an ordinary boy Volodya Dubinin from Kerch. The story begins with the storytellers seeing a street named after a child. Having become interested in this, they go to the museum to find out who Volodya is. The storytellers talk with the boy's mother, find his school and comrades and find out that Volodya is an ordinary boy with his dreams and plans, whose life has been burst into the war. His father, the captain of a warship, taught his son to be steadfast and brave. The boy bravely joined the partisan detachment, obtained news from the enemy's rear and was the first to know about the retreat of the Germans. Unfortunately, the boy died while clearing the approaches to the quarry. However, the city did not forget its little hero, who, despite his young years, performed a daily feat on an equal basis with adults and sacrificed his life to save others.

How did the adults feel about the participation of children in military events? (V. Kataev "Son of the Regiment")

War is terrible and inhuman, this is not a place for children. In war, people lose loved ones, become bitter. Adults do their best to protect children from the horrors of war, but, unfortunately, they do not always succeed. The protagonist of Valentin Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment" Vanya Solntsev loses his entire family in the war, wanders through the woods, trying to get through the front line to his "friends". There the scouts find the child and bring him to the camp to the commander. The boy is happy, he survived, made his way through the front line, he was deliciously fed and put to bed. However, Captain Yenakiev understands that there is no place for a child in the army, he sadly remembers his son and decides to send Vanya a child's receiver. On the way, Vanya escapes, trying to return to the battery. After an unsuccessful attempt, he manages to do this, and the captain is forced to come to terms: he sees how the boy is trying to be useful, eager to fight. Vanya wants to help the common cause: he takes the initiative and goes to reconnaissance, draws a map of the area in an ABC book, but the Germans catch him for this occupation. Fortunately, in the general turmoil, the child is forgotten and he manages to escape. Yenakiev admires the boy's desire to protect his country, but worries about him. To save the child's life, the commander sends Vanya with an important message away from the battlefield. The entire crew of the first gun perishes, and in the letter that Yenakiev transmitted, the commander says goodbye to the battery and asks to take care of Vanya Solntsev.

The problem of the manifestation of humanity in war, the manifestation of compassion, mercy to the captured enemy. (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

Only strong people who know the value of human life. So, in the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy has an interesting episode describing the attitude of Russian soldiers towards the French. In the night forest, a company of soldiers warmed themselves by the fire. Suddenly they heard a rustle and saw two French soldiers, who, despite the wartime, were not afraid to approach the enemy. They were very weak and could hardly keep their feet. One of the soldiers, whose clothes betrayed him as an officer, fell exhausted to the ground. The soldiers laid an overcoat on the sick man and brought both cereals and vodka. They were Officer Rambal and his orderly Morel. The officer was so cold that he could not even move, so the Russian soldiers took him in their arms and carried him to the hut, which was occupied by the colonel. On the way, he called them good friends, while his batman, already pretty drunk, sang French songs, sitting between the Russian soldiers. This story teaches us that even in difficult times you need to remain human, not to kill the weak, to show compassion and mercy.

Is it possible to show concern for others during the war years? (E. Vereiskaya "Three girls")

In the center of Elena Vereiskaya's story "Three Girls" are friends who stepped from their carefree childhood into a terrible wartime. Friends Natasha, Katya and Lyusya live in a communal apartment in Leningrad, spend time together and go to a regular school. The most difficult test in life awaits them, because suddenly the war begins. The school is being destroyed, and the friends stop their studies, now they are forced to learn to survive. The girls grow up quickly: the cheerful and frivolous Lucy turns into a responsible and organized girl, Natasha becomes more thoughtful, and Katya becomes self-confident. However, even at such a time, they remain human and continue to take care of their loved ones, despite the difficult living conditions. The war did not separate them, but made them even more amicable. Each of the members of the friendly "communal family" first of all thought about the others. A very touching episode in the book where the doctor gives most of his rations to a little boy. At the risk of starving to death, people share everything they have, and this instills hope and makes them believe in victory. Caring, love and support can work wonders, only thanks to such a relationship, people were able to survive some of the most difficult days in the history of our country.

Why do people keep the memory of the war? (O. Bergholz "Poems about myself")

Despite the gravity of the memories of the war, you need to keep them. Mothers who have lost their children, adults and children who have seen the death of loved ones will never forget these terrible pages in the history of our country, but contemporaries should not forget. For this there is great amount books, songs, films designed to tell about the terrible time. For example, in "Poems about Myself" Olga Berggolts calls for always remembering wartime, people who fought at the front and died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. The poetess appeals to people who would like to smooth it out "in the timid memory of people" and assures them that she will not let them forget "how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares." Olga Berggolts, who went through the entire war and lost her husband in Leningrad, kept her promise, leaving after her death many poems, essays and diary entries.

What helps to win the war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

You cannot win a war alone. Only by rallying in the face of common misfortune and finding the courage to face fear can you win. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's War and Peace, the feeling of unity is especially acute. Different people united in the struggle for life and freedom. each soldier, the fighting spirit of the army and belief in their own strength helped the Russians to defeat the French army, which encroached on their native land. The battle scenes of the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles especially clearly show the solidarity of people. The winners in this war are not careerists who want only ranks and awards, but ordinary soldiers, peasants, militias who perform feats every minute. The modest battery commander Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, young Petya Rostov, who combine the basic qualities of the Russian people, did not fight because they were ordered, they fought of their own free will, defended their home and their loved ones, that is why they won in war.

What unites people during the war years? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and remains in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin perform their duty with heroism, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger fascinate. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to rally and defeat the enemy.

Why learn from defeats and victories? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

One of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy Andrei went to war with the intentions to build a brilliant military career. He left his family to gain glory in battles. How bitter was his disappointment when he realized that he had lost this battle. What seemed to him in his dreams as beautiful battle scenes in life turned out to be a terrible massacre with blood and human suffering. Awareness came to him as an epiphany, he realized that war is terrible, and it carries nothing but pain. This personal defeat in the war made him reassess his life and admit that family, friendship and love are much more important than fame and recognition.

What feelings does the conqueror feel about the endurance of a defeated enemy? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")

The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story "Sashka" by V. Kondratyev. A young Russian soldier takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to take him to the headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the captive a leaflet on which it was written that the captives were assured of life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders to shoot the German. Conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, just like he is a young guy who behaves the same way as he would in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg to be spared, preserving his human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not comply with the commander's order. Belief in the righteousness saves him and his captive's life, and the commander cancels the order.

How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

G. Baklanov in his story "Forever - Nineteen Years" speaks about the significance and value of man, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: "Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit," said Atrakovsky. - Never before has so much depended on each of us. Therefore, we will win. And this will not be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are. " War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to a breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values ​​by everyone. In war, a reassessment of values ​​takes place, the worldview and character of a person change.

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "Sun of the Dead")

In the epic "Sun of the Dead" I. Shmelev shows all the horrors of war. "The smell of decay", "cackle, stomp and roar" of anthropoid, these are carriages of "fresh human meat, young meat!" and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human! " War is consuming the world of the living world of the dead... She makes a beast out of man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction, they do not terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor hunger, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person who does not oppose him begins, for him "everything is nothing!" "And there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human spiritually - the spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that there will always, in any circumstances, even during a war, be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.

Responsibility of a person for the actions he committed in the war. The mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. grossman "Abel")

In the story "Abel (Sixth August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only of a universal human misfortune and ecological catastrophe, but also of a person's personal tragedy. Young striker Connor bears the onus of being the man destined to push a button to trigger the killing mechanism. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is convinced that true humanity is impossible without involvement in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The conjugation in one person of a heightened sense of Peace and a soldier's diligence imposed by the state machine and the system of education turns out to be fatal for a young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened in different ways, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, all the time washing his hands, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has shouldered.

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")

In the story "Killed near Moscow" K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, "made up of thousands and thousands of efforts different people, moved, moves not someone else's will, but itself, having received its move, and therefore unstoppable. " The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war - who is the first to fail." The death that war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was during the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these minutes, everyone overcomes them with himself alone: ​​there will be no other life ”. The metamorphoses that occur with a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show unthinkable courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.

Write an essay based on the text below. The volume is not less than 150 words.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Give at least two arguments, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations.

Source text

(1) During one of the recordings of the story about the siege days of Leningrad, a conversation arose that struck us. (2) A woman spoke, listened to her daughter, son-in-law, grandchildren.
(3) The record in question was not easy, the story was difficult, and, apparently, all these details about the troubles of their family were unknown to the younger ones. (4) They listened attentively, tensely. (5) The son-in-law was the first to break down. (6) He exclaimed:
- Why, well, why were such suffering necessary? (7) The city had to be surrendered. (8) avoid it all. (9) What was the purpose of destroying people?
(10) So simply, naturally, it burst out from him, with annoyance at the absurdity, at the strangeness of the past. (11) At first, we did not quite understand what he meant. (12) He was about thirty-five years old, it seemed he could not help but know. (13) Then we realized that we could. (14) that is, he probably heard somewhere, read about the plans of the Fuhrer to destroy, burn out, exterminate, but now all this began to look so crazy, fantastic that it probably lost reality.
(15) Time, past decades imperceptibly simplifies the past, we unravel it as if through the current norms of law and ethics. (16) In Western literature, we met with a different reasoning, where there was no bewilderment, there was no pain, no sincerity, but there was more of a self-justification of the capitulators. (17) There, in a sympathetic tone, they ask: were such immense torments, sufferings and similar sacrifices necessary? (18) Are they justified by military and other gains? (19) Is it human in relation to its population? (20) Paris was declared an open city ... (21) And other capitals, having surrendered, survived. (22) And then they broke the back of fascism, it was still defeated - in due time ...
(23) This motive sounds directly or hidden in the works, books, articles of some Western authors. (24) How cynical and ungrateful it is! (25) If they honestly at least brought their own logic to the end: is it not because today mankind enjoys the beauty and historical values ​​of Paris and Prague, Athens and Budapest, and many other cultural treasures, and is it not because of our European civilization with its universities, libraries, that someone felt less sorry for themselves than others, someone defended their cities, their capitals to the last in mortal combat, saving the tomorrow of all people? (26) And Paris for the French and for humanity was saved here - in blazing Stalingrad, in Leningrad, bombarded day and night, was saved near Moscow ... (27) It was saved by the same torment and perseverance that Leningraders tell about.
(28) When the European capitals announced another open city, there was, there was a secret hope: Hitler still had the Soviet Union ahead of him. (29) And Paris knew it. (30) But Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad knew that they might be the planet's last hope ... (31) Moscow and Leningrad were doomed by the Nazis to complete destruction - together with the inhabitants. (32) This should have begun broadly what Hitler says: Defeat the Russians as a people. " (33) That is, to exterminate, to destroy as a biological, geographical, historical concept.
(34) but the feat of the Leningraders was not caused by the threat of extermination. (35) No, there was something else: a simple and irrevocable desire to protect your way of life. (36) we are not slaves, we are not slaves, we had to grapple with fascism, stand in its way, defend freedom, the dignity of people.
(37) This is the justification and meaning of the feat of Leningrad, this is what Leningraders and all our people saved themselves and humanity from, from what sacrifices and torments, for which they went to any suffering, torment, without even thinking about "open" cities.
(38) To appreciate this, one must feel the measure of the trials endured by our people.
(39) Today, the new generations, probably, just need to learn more fully, to feel in more detail what came before them. (40) They need to know how everything was paid for, they need to know about those who managed to withstand, about these people who did not have weapons, who could only say something to the world with their stamina. (41) you need to know what a war can be, what a blessing it is - peace ...

Composition

In his text, Adamovich Ales Mikhailovich reveals the problem of courage, courage in war.
Revealing the problem, the author cites as an example the feat of the inhabitants of the besieged Leningrad. Adamovich tells how they desperately fought against the onslaught of the fascist invaders in order to protect their way of life, to defend the freedom and dignity of people. The author writes about how Leningraders went to any suffering, torment for the welfare of all mankind. The author also draws attention to what you need to know about those who managed to withstand, about these people who did not have weapons, who could only say something to the world with their perseverance.
The author believes that courage and heroism are one of the most important human qualities that help to overcome inhuman difficulties and come to victory.
I completely agree with the opinion of the author and also believe that brave, courageous, courageous people, taking responsibility for themselves, saving and helping other people, can triumph over themselves, life's difficulties, and the enemy.
To prove my words, I will give an example from the story by BL Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...". In this work, we see how the foreman Vaskov and his wards girls showed real heroism, courage, entering into an unequal battle with the enemy, who was superior in numbers and training. Clearly knowing that inevitable death awaits them, they did not retreat, defending their lives, but took the blow. They did the impossible: they stopped a group of saboteurs, at the cost of their lives. Thus, the author wants to convey to us the idea that courage manifests itself in circumstances that pose a real danger to life. If a person is capable of a feat, he will not be stopped by the fear of death.
Let me give you the following example to prove my point. In M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", the author showed how war is testing everyone. The main character, Andrei Sokolov, demonstrated the best traits of his character: courage, resilience, endurance, devotion to the Motherland, loved ones, loved ones. Even German captivity, with all its horrors, did not break him. In the concentration camp, the German officer Mueller was surprised at the resilience of the Russian soldier. He recognized his fortitude, patriotism, the ability to overcome any obstacles in life for the sake of his Fatherland. The author convinces us that it was these people who saved our country from fascism, all of them are real heroes, loyal to their Motherland.
Thus, I want to say that courageous, courageous people are faithful to their Word, Cause, Faith even in the face of death!

Arguing your opinion on the chosen problem is one of the most important tasks when writing an essay-reasoning. Since the arguments from the literature are rated higher, it is very important to prepare them in advance. On this page, I present a number of arguments on several popular issues.

PROBLEM: Meanness, betrayal, dishonor, envy.

1. A.S. Pushkin, the novel "The Captain's Daughter"

Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonorable: he takes revenge on Masha Mironova for refusing, during a duel with Grinev he inflicts a vile blow in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor and dignity provokes him to treason: he goes to the camp of the rebel Pugachev.

1. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

Erast, the beloved of the heroine, betrayed his feelings for the girl, choosing material well-being

1. N.V. Gogol, the story "Taras Bulba"

Andriy, the son of Taras, being held captive by love feelings, betrays his father, brother, comrades, and the Motherland. Bulba kills his son because he cannot live with such shame

1. A.S. Pushkin, the tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"

The envious Salieri, envious of the success of the great composer Mozart, poisoned him, although he considered him his friend.

PROBLEM: Seriousness, servility, servility, opportunism.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Death of an official"

The official Chervyakov is infected with the spirit of honor: sneezing and sprinkling the general's bald spot, he was so frightened that after repeated humiliations and requests he died of fear.

2. A.S. Griboyedov, comedy "Woe from Wit"

Molchalin, negative character comedy, I am sure that you need to please everyone, without exception. This will allow you to climb the career ladder. Caring for Sophia, the daughter of Famusov, he pursues precisely this goal.

PROBLEM: Bribery, embezzlement

1. N.V. Gogol, comedy "The Inspector General"

The governor, like all officials of the district town, is a bribe-taker and embezzler. He is convinced that all issues can be solved with the help of money and the ability to show off.

1. N.V. Gogol, the poem "Dead Souls"

Chichikov, drawing up a bill of sale for "dead" souls, bribes an official, after which things go faster.

PROBLEM: Rudeness, ignorance, hypocrisy

1. A.N. Ostrovsky, the drama "The Thunderstorm"

Dikoy is a typical boor who offends everyone around him. Impunity gave rise to sheer licentiousness in this man.

1. DI. Fonvizin, comedy "Minor"

Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior to be normal, therefore the people around her are "brutes" and "idiots".

1. A.P. Chekhov, the story "Chameleon"

Police overseer Ochumelov grovels in front of those who are above him in the ranks, and feels himself master of the situation, in front of those who are below. This is reflected in his behavior, which changes depending on the situation.

PROBLEM: The destructive influence of money (material goods) on the human soul, hoarding

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Ionych"

Doctor Startsev, a promising and talented doctor in his youth, turns into Ionych's accumulator. The main passion his life is money, which became the cause of moral decay of the personality.

1. N.V. Gogol, the poem "Dead Souls"

The stingy landowner Plyushkin personifies complete spiritual degradation. The passion for hoarding became the reason for the destruction of all family and friendship ties, Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.

PROBLEM: Vandalism, unconsciousness

1. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days"

Bunin could not even imagine that the atrocities and vandalism brought about by the revolution would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.

1. D.S. Likhachev, the book "About good and beautiful"

The Russian academician was outraged when he learned that a monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. This is a terrible example of vandalism and unconsciousness.

1. V. Rasputin, story "Farewell to Matera"

During the flooding of the villages, not only people's dwellings, but also churches and graveyards went under the water, which is a terrible example of vandalism.

PROBLEM: The role of art

1. A.T. Tvardovsky, the poem "Vasily Terkin"

Front-line soldiers say that the soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from front-line newspapers, where chapters of the poem were published. This means that the encouraging word was sometimes more important than food.

Natasha Rostova sings beautifully, at these moments she becomes unusually beautiful and people those surrounding her are drawn to her.

1. A.I. Kuprin, story "Garnet bracelet"

Listening to " Moonlight Sonata Beethoven, Vera experienced a catharsis-like feeling thanks to the hopelessly in love Zheltkov. Music awakened in her sympathy, compassion, desire to love.

PROBLEM: Love for the Motherland, nostalgia

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Motherland"

The lyrical hero loves his homeland for what it is, and is ready to go through all the trials with his people.

1. A. Blok, poem "Russia"

For the lyric hero Blok, love for the homeland is like love for a woman. He believes in the great future of his country.

1. I.A. Bunin, stories "Clean Monday", "Antonovskie apples"

I.A. Bunin left Russia forever in the 20th year. A sense of nostalgia haunted him all his life. The heroes of his stories recall the great past of Russia, which has been irretrievably lost: history, culture, traditions.

PROBLEM: Fidelity to the given word (duty)

1. A.S. Pushkin, the novel "Dubrovsky"

Masha, married to an unloved person, refuses to break the oath of allegiance given in the church when Dubrovsky is trying to save her.

1. A.S. Pushkin, the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Tatiana Larina, true to her marital duty and the given word, is forced to refuse Onegin. She became the personification of the moral strength of man.

PROBLEM: Self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy, cruelty, humanism

1. MA Bulgakov, novel "The Master and Margarita"

Margarita, loving the Master, in spite of everything, is true to her feelings, she is ready for any sacrifice. The woman flies to the ball to Woland to save her beloved. There she asks to free the sinner Frida from suffering.

1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn, story "Matrenin's yard"

Matryona lived all her life for people, helped them, without asking for anything in return. The author calls her a "righteous woman", a person who lives according to the laws of God and conscience

1. L. Andreev, story "Kusaka"

By taming a dog and leaving it for the winter in a summer cottage, people showed their selfishness, showed how cruel they can be.

The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son, fell in love, as a loved one, a stranger, an enemy. Hatred of the "red" grew into a father's love and care.

PROBLEM: Self-education, self-education, introspection, self-improvement

1. I.S. Turgenev, the novel "Fathers and Sons"

The nihilist Bazarov believed that "every person should educate himself." And this is the lot of strong people.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, trilogy “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth"

Nikolenka is an autobiographical hero. Like the author himself, he strives for self-improvement, for creative self-realization.

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin in his diary talks to himself, evaluates his actions, analyzes life, which testifies to the depth of this personality.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, the novel "War and Peace"

The writer showed us the "dialectic of the soul" of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, told us how difficult a person's path to truth, truth, love is. His heroes made mistakes, suffered, suffered, but this is the idea of ​​human self-improvement.

PROBLEM: Courage, heroism, moral duty, patriotism

1. B.Vasiliev, "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

Female anti-aircraft gunners, destroying a squad of saboteurs, died, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.

1. B. Polevoy, "The Story of a Real Man"

The pilot Alesy Maresyev, thanks to his fortitude and courage, not only survived after the amputation of his legs, but also became a full-fledged person, returned to his squadron.

1. Vorobiev, the story "Killed near Moscow"

The Kremlin cadets, having shown courage and heroism, fulfilled their patriotic duty, defending the approaches to Moscow. Lieutenant Yastrebov is the only one who survived.

1. M. Sholokhov, story "The Fate of a Man"

The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, went through the entire war: he fought bravely, was in captivity, and fled. He fulfilled his civic duty with honor. The war took his family away from him, but, fortunately, fate gave him a meeting with Vanyushka, who became his son.

1. V. Bykov "Crane cry"

Vasily Glechik, still quite a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the order of the battalion commander, he fulfilled it at the cost own life, remained faithful to his oath and duty to his homeland.

So school education is coming to an end. Now in the center of attention of all students It's no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained through writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write an essay plan in detail and discuss the most common topic of the exam on the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a few topics: attitude to the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in human life, and many others. Pupils have a particular difficulty in arguing for the problem of courage.

Many talented writers have dedicated their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they are not so firmly settled in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a little and bring best arguments to protect your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the plan for the correct essay, which, if all the points are available, will bring you the maximum possible points.

The writing of the exam in the Russian language is very different from the essay on social studies, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form, which is better not to be violated. So, what the plan of our future composition looks like:

1. Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly lead our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a small paragraph, which consists of three or four sentences, but clearly refers to the topic of your essay.
2. Problem identification. In this part, we say that we have read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you point out a problem, think about the arguments ahead of time. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the most advantageous for you.
3. Your comment. Need to explain describe it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
4. Note the position of the author, what he thinks and how he relates to the problem. Is he trying to do something about it?
5. Your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
6. Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still suggest making a reliance on arguments from literature.
7. Conclusion of no more than three sentences. Draw a conclusion to everything that you said, summarize. Possible and such a variant of the end, as a rhetorical question. It will make you think, and the essay will be finished quite effectively.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is argumentation. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"The fate of man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of ​​Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Selflessness and courage are the main concepts that characterize the protagonist Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to overcome all the obstacles that fate has in store for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but the trouble did not come alone, there was another very difficult test ahead - the death of his loved ones. Now dedication speaks in Andrei, he gathered his last strength into a fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and resilience is reflected in such a work as Vasiliev's story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and delicate creatures - girls. This work tells that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal footing with men and defend their interests even in such global terms.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several women completely different from each other, who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War... Although their life used to take shape in different ways, they all had the same end - death while completing a combat mission.

The story of a real man

Which is found in many and in the "Tale of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy.

The work deals with the plight of the pilot, who loved the sky very much. For him, flight is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off to him by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresiev crawled through the forest for a very long time, he had no water or food. He overcame this difficulty, but there were more to come. He lost his legs, he had to learn how to use prostheses, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite the large number of obstacles, Meresiev regained wings. The heroism and dedication of the hero can only be envied.

"Not on the lists"

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from literature about war and hard fate heroes. Also, the novel by Boris Vasiliev "Not on the Lists" is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to work and came under fire. He did not appear in any documents at all, but it did not occur to him to flee like a "rat from a ship", he bravely fought and defended the honor of his homeland.