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Problems of morality in the works of Russian literature Arguments for an essay
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Morality - This is a system of rules for the behavior of an individual, first of all, answering the question: what is good and what is bad; what is good and what is evil. This system is based on values that this person considers important and necessary. As a rule, among such values are human life, happiness, family, love, prosperity and others. Depending on what values a person chooses for himself, it is determined what will be the actions of a person - moral or immoral. Therefore, morality is an independent choice of a person.
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Moral Issues: The Problem moral quest man is rooted in ancient Russian literature, in folklore. It is associated with such concepts as: honor, conscience, dignity, patriotism, valor, honesty, mercy, etc. Since ancient times, all these qualities have been valued by a person, they helped him in difficult life situations with a choice. To this day, we know such proverbs: “Whoever is honored, that is the truth”, “Without a root, a blade of grass does not grow”, “A man without a Motherland is a nightingale without a song”, “Take care of honor from a young age, and a dress again”. The most interesting sources on which it relies modern literature, are fairy tales, epics, stories, novels, etc.
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Problems of morality In literature: There are works in literature that touch upon many problems of morality.
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The problem of morality is one of the key problems in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy is a novel about the spiritual quest of the main characters, going to the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrey Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of the word, learning from him the highest truths.
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The problem of morality in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". The main character is a simple Russian woman who "did not chase after the factory", was trouble-free and impractical. But these, according to the author, are the righteous on whom our land rests.
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The problem of a person's attitude to his homeland, small homeland The problem of attitude to his small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story "Farewell to Matera". Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, while strangers are ready to abuse graves, burn down huts, which for others, for example, for Daria, are not just a home, but native home where parents died and children were born.
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The problem of a person's attitude to the homeland, the small homeland The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in the work of I.A. Bunin. After leaving Russia, he wrote only about her until the end of his days. The work "Antonov apples" is imbued with sad lyricism. Smell Antonov apples became for the author the personification of the motherland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies.
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The problem of loneliness in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky It seems to me that sometimes the person himself is guilty of loneliness, having separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky's novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open, kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov, gives hope for the future.
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The problem of mercy, humanism. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, found themselves at the bottom of life or in a difficult situation. The lines of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Stationmaster”, which tells about Samson Vyrin, showed for the first time in Russian literature that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what step of the social ladder he is.
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The problem of mercy, humanism in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". "Sprinkled with ashes" the eyes of a soldier saw grief little man, the Russian soul did not harden from countless losses and showed mercy.
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The problem of honor, conscience In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better. For example, in the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev goes through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author precedes the story with an epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age."
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The problem of honor and dishonor In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov challenged Dolokhov to a duel, defending his honor and dignity. Dining at the table with Dolokhov, Pierre was very tense. He was worried about the relationship between Helen and Dolokhov. And when Dolokhov made his toast, Pierre's doubts began to overcome even more. And then, when Dolokhov snatched out a letter intended for Bezukhov, there was a challenge to a duel.
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The problem of honor, conscience The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in VG Rasputin's story "Live and Remember". Meeting with her husband - a deserter becomes for main character, Nastena Guskova, and joy, and torment. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena, on the other hand, feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying herself and the unborn child.
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The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth The hero of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right?” he asks. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that not cruelty, but love, mercy can save a person.
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The problem of the moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is an acquirer, a business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction, putting only money at the forefront. This hero is a warning to us, living in the 21st century, that forgetfulness of eternal truths always leads to disaster.
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Problems of cruelty, betrayal in the modern world The heroine of the story V.P. Astafieva "Lyudochka" came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and a close friend betrayed and did not protect. And the girl suffers, but does not find sympathy either from her mother or from Gavrilovna. The human circle did not become saving for the heroine, and she committed suicide.
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The problem of the cruelty of the modern world, people. The lines of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, "blood according to conscience", invented by Raskolnikov, is absurd, because only God can give life or take it away. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to violate the great commandments of kindness and mercy, means to destroy one's own soul.
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The problem of true and false values. Let's remember the immortal lines " dead souls» N.V. Gogol, when Chichikov at the governor's ball chooses who to approach - the "thick" or "thin". The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the "fat", where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice, which determines his future destiny.
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The problem of kindness, sincerity in the work of L.N. Tolstoy Kindness in a person must be brought up from childhood. This feeling should be an integral part of the personality. All this is embodied in the image of the main character of the novel "War and Peace" Natalia Rostova.
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The problem of the moral soul, the inner spiritual world Truly rich and complete inner world make the moral qualities of a person. Man is part of nature. If he lives in harmony with it, then he subtly feels the beauty of the world, knows how to convey it. Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
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The problem of self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy Sonya Marmeladova, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment is the embodiment of humility and Christian love for one's neighbor. The basis of her life is self-sacrifice. In the name of love for her neighbor, she is ready for the most unbearable suffering. It is Sonya who carries within herself the truth that Rodion Raskolnikov must come to through painful searches. With the power of her love, the ability to endure any torment, she helps him overcome himself and take a step towards resurrection.
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Problems of self-sacrifice, love for people; indifference, cruelty In the story of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" the image of Danko is striking. This romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the people. He led the people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But weak people along the way, they began to lose heart and die. Then they accused Danko of ineptly managing them. And in the name of my great love to the people tore his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road, forgetting their hero, and Danko died.
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Problems of fidelity, love, devotion, self-sacrifice. In the story " Garnet bracelet» A.I. Kuprin consider this problem through the image of Zheltkov. His whole life was in Vera Sheina. As a sign of his fiery love, Zheltkov gives the most precious thing - a garnet bracelet. But the hero is by no means pathetic, and the depth of his feelings, the ability to sacrifice himself deserves not only sympathy, but also admiration. Zheltkov rises above the whole society of the Sheins, where true love would never have arisen.
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Problems of compassion, mercy, self-confidence The heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Sonya Marmeladova, with her compassion, saves Rodion Raskolnikov from spiritual death. She achieves that he makes a confession, and then goes with him to hard labor, with her love helping Rodion to regain his lost faith.
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The problem of compassion, mercy, fidelity, faith, love Compassion and mercy are important components of the image of Natasha Rostova. Natasha, like no one else in the novel, knows how to give people happiness, love selflessly, giving all of herself without a trace. It is worth remembering how the author describes it in the days of separation from Prince Andrei: “Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and dull, walked around the rooms ...”. She is life itself. Even the endured trials did not harden the soul, but strengthened it.
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The Problem of Callous and Callous Attitude towards Man The protagonist of A. Platonov's work "Yushka" was subjected to cruel treatment. He is only forty years old, but he seems to those around him to be a deep old man. An incurable disease aged him prematurely. Callous, soulless and cruel people surround him: children laugh at him, and adults, when they have trouble, take out their anger on him. They ruthlessly mock a sick person, beat him, humiliate him. Scolding for disobedience, adults frighten children by the fact that when they grow up, they will become like Yushka.
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The problem of human spirituality Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", is just an example of a spiritual person. He went to prison because of his faith, but he did not give it up, on the contrary, this young man stood up for his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not one of his days passed without reading the Gospel, rewritten in an ordinary notebook.
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Problems of bribery, philistinism A striking example is the heroes of N. V. Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector". For example, the mayor Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, a bribe-taker and embezzler who deceived three governors in his lifetime, was convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to "splurge"
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The problem of the moral choice of modern youth.
“It seems to me curious to compare the customs of that time with ours and pay attention to the fact that strong feelings have degenerated, but life has become calmer and, perhaps, happier. It remains to decide whether we are better than our ancestors, and this is not so easy, because views on the same actions have changed dramatically over time.
Prosper Merimee "Chronicle of the reign of Charles IX" (XIX century)
The problem of moral choice has always been relevant and rather painful for society. Our ancestors, comparing themselves with their predecessors, found that “morals are no longer the same”, fearing that it was they, the people of the Nth generation, who were the last bearers of moral dying truths, and the next one would refuse them. But the ages changed, and the new tribes were imbued with the same thoughts. Even now, in the 21st century, with all the progress and potential progress, society continues to return to the issue of “withering” morality, especially among boys and girls.
One of the main indicators of moral principles is the voluntary entry of a person into “close relationships”. It is this decision that is one of the most important decisions made by a person in a lifetime. As a rule, a person is determined with him in his youth, if not at all in his youth. This voluntary choice is extremely important for the further development of the personality, because it is one of the key moral principles laid down or nurtured in a person or even a person in himself.
To say that the problem of this particular moral choice is now an edge, in my opinion, is impossible, because it has always been relevant. But, according to many, modern conditions raise this issue more and more acutely. To a greater extent, it is television and the Internet that most pervert young minds, propagandizing and even agitating "free morals" for the emerging youth. In this case, I will try to understand only the causes and consequences. But everything should be dealt with in order.
Such a delicate topic existed long before the advent of TV or Internet resources. And for each society and time, the solution to this issue was taken individually. In turn, it was taken in accordance with different features: the general development of society, the historical era, the political regime, etc. Now the problem of early maturation of adolescents has been elevated to the rank of "taboo". History already has similar cases (for example, Soviet Russia, where such questions were not made public), but if we recall the free customs of France in the 16th century or even the 20th century with the "Hippie" period promoting free love, then the assumption that the attitude to the same problem changes over time, and also due to the norms of morality (and in some cases, the norms of law, it becomes quite obviously true.
Considering this question in our century, I want to address two representatives of different civilizations: the US state of Mississippi (West; form of government: presidential republic) and the kingdom of Cambodia, Ratanakiri province, (Southeast Asia; constitutional monarchy).
There is an ancient tradition in Ratanakiri: fathers of families build some kind of huts for their daughters, intended for them and their chosen ones (one girl has the right to have several chosen ones at the same time). The age of the girl, at the time of the construction of her personal hut, can be anything. During the day, only officially engaged couples can see each other, but lovers can spend the night in this hut until the morning. Young girls, or even girls, decide on their own all issues regarding their personal lives.
This tradition has its own motives: firstly, Kampuchea is a poor country, women in it are required to have husbands who do all the hard work (farming is the main occupation). Secondly, families cannot support their daughters for a long time, so they try to marry the girls as early as possible.
In this way, parents push girls to make independent decisions regarding their future and the choice of a spouse. According to the parents, this tradition gives their daughters the freedom and ability to make prudent choices so that in the future they do not have to need anything because of an unfortunate
marriage. None of the girls felt any coercion, claiming that such huts are the place of their free space and, in turn, moral choice.
It would seem that a wild tradition of an underdeveloped country, but it is enough, in its own way, reasonable. But there are pitfalls here: since the level of education in the country is low, then real reasons this custom is not known to everyone; also, due to the lack of proper knowledge, such seclusion can lead to unwanted pregnancies. In this case, young men are not forced to marry girls, this is already a voluntary choice of a man.
In the state of Mississippi, there is a different tradition: since 1998, there has been a kind of "chastity ball", where girls dressed in white clothes take an oath to God to keep their bodies and minds clean until marriage. After that, rings should be put on their ring fingers by the fathers. And until the engagement is approved by the head of the family, the rings will be located instead of the wedding ones. But if the oath is broken, then the girl must repent for what she has done, so that her father and God forgive her. To many observers, such a ceremony seems to be a kind of wedding of a daughter and father. These vows are taken by American peers of girls from Cambodia.
However, the life of the average woman in this state is a household. Women do not want to work. Her main task is to raise children, take care of the garden and house. The decision to take part in the ball of young girls is also most often taken by men.
Despite the apparent prudence and concern for the morality of their daughters, in this case it is worth looking at this ceremony from the other side: firstly, the main motivation for girls is based on a strictly religious upbringing; secondly, most often girls are actively instructed about the need for this oath (but is it really impossible to be prudent without a vow?); third,
those who take the vow are not allowed to make their own moral choice, assuring that parents know better what will be better; Fourthly, social surveys revealed that girls who vowed to be chaste are just as likely to break their promises as the rest.
Summing up: comparing a "weak" country in which men help women adapt to difficult conditions (of course, the effectiveness this method highly controversial) and one of the most developed, where women, having constitutional rights, are deprived of one of the main ones - the issue of personal morality, suppressed in them with early years, this raises not only the question of the topic of adolescents entering into premature intimacy or, conversely, the unnatural suppression of their physiology, but also of the true social role of women in modern world...
The problem of a person's moral choice has always been especially significant in literature. It is in difficult situations, making this or that moral choice, that a person truly reveals his true moral qualities, showing how worthy he is of the title of Man. V this study an attempt is made to compare the implementation of this theme in the novel by M. A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don" and in the novel by the Bashkir writer Z. Biisheva "At the Big Ik"
The relevance of this study is dictated by the spiritual needs of a person in the modern world. After all, the questions of choice, the definition of one's self, one's place in life excites almost everyone young man. There is a lot in common in these works: the era, the conditions of existence. First of all, this is the environment that forms the inner world, the beliefs of the characters.
There are also differences: in the novel by M. Sholokhov, the life of the Cossacks is considered, about military service, and in the novel by Z. Biisheva, the fate of a young man from a Bashkir village is considered.
The task of the study is to show the connection between the two heroes, the moral purity of the two heroes, the path and causes leading to human tragedies.
The story of two heroes Grigory Melekhov and Zakir Batyrov poses questions to readers that are difficult to answer. Both writers prove that war and man are incompatible things, man by nature is opposed to death, violence, and murder. The Revolution, the Civil War, which split society and the country in two, forced everyone to make a tough choice, inevitably raising questions: with whom? for whom? The terrible tragedy, which had irreversible consequences for the country, intensifies the tragedy of a person, influences the moral choice, and is the source of the life drama of a person. It seemed interesting to me to follow the life path of each hero, to observe how historical events influenced the formation of heroes. This became the goal of my research work.
The civil war of 1918-1922 is one of the most tragic periods in the history of Russia. Domestic writers, who reflected the events of the civil war in their works, created a number of vital, realistic
Introduction
The civil war of 1918-1922 is one of the most tragic periods in the history of Russia. Domestic writers, who reflected the events of the civil war in their works, created a number of vital, realistic and vivid images, putting the fate of a Man in the center of the narrative and showing the impact of war on his life, inner world, scale of norms and values.
Any extreme situation puts a person in extremely difficult conditions and makes him show the most significant and deepest character traits. Many writers of Russian and Bashkir literature tried to creatively comprehend what is happening with human personality in the fire of battle.
In this research work, I turned to two works - the novel by M. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" and the novel by Z. Biisheva "At the Big Ik" from the trilogy "Emesh". Considered the fate of the two heroes, compared, tried to find similarities and differences. These tasks determined the structure of my work. I think that my research will be of interest to many peers. Despite the fact that time separates us from the heroes, they always face the problem of moral choice. We, like them, experience feelings of love, disappointment, learn to live
M. Sholokhov, an unsurpassed master of the word, entered the 20th century with his ideas, images and populating literature with life human characters. The novel "Quiet Don" tells about the most difficult time in the life of Russia, which brought huge social and moral upheavals.
Habitual ways of life collapsed, destinies were distorted and broken, human life was devalued.
The novel "Quiet Don" is a story about the historical fate of the Don Cossacks, about their paths to revolution, about a complex fierce struggle. Against the broad epic background of the movement of the masses towards the revolution, Sholokhov showed with great artistic power the tangled and contradictory path, tragic fate Grigory Melekhov. It falls to the lot of Gregory to be the moral core of the work, the embodiment of the main features of a powerful folk spirit.
Brought up in the best traditions, Grigory took care of the Cossack honor from his youth, which he understands more than just military prowess and fidelity to duty. “The war became for Gregory a test of all his vitality. He seized the opportunity to show selfless courage, took risks, went wild, went disguised to the rear of the Austrians, removed outposts without bloodshed, horse-riding a Cossack and felt that the pain over a person that crushed him in the first years had gone forever. This is how M. Sholokhov writes about him. Gregory is inherent courage, courage. But at the same time, he opposes the cruelty and hatred that he sees in the war.
Among the prose writers of Bashkir literature, in whose work there is a noticeable desire to combine the scale of the image of the civil war, Zainab Biisheva stands out. Analyzing the artistic skill of Z. Biisheva in the novel “At the Big Ik” from the trilogy “Toward the Light”, you are even more convinced of this.
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The novel "At the Big Ik" contains the features of an epic. In it, the fates of the heroes are inseparable from the fates of Rodin in the difficult turning point of the civil war. This time is comprehended by the writer as the time of the birth of heroes and tragic losses. Due to its novelty, the image of the youngest son of Taiba - ebi - Zakir is of great interest. At the age of 15, he ran away from home to Orenburg and began to serve in a bookstore as an "errand boy." He could not live either at home - on his own land, or in the city, because he had neither the means nor the craft for this. All his ordeals ended with sending to the front. Only there he began to think about his fate. After the overthrow of the king, Zakir returned to his native village as a hero, awarded the St. George Cross, but soon the “mighty echo” of the civil war reached Ilsegul, lost in the steppes. Kulaks and front-line soldiers made up two hostile camps. Zakir had to choose: “It seems that he can’t sit out at home,” he thought, “now is not such a time. But which side to turn? Who knows on whose side the truth must be found out. This is the beginning of finding your way. The throwing of the hero from one camp to another begins.
The author shows the spiritual quest and turmoil of this hero: “I myself do not know what I will do, what I will do tomorrow and where I will be How to know! If not today, then tomorrow the whites will show up here. What will happen to me then? Do not know. » Zakir's thoughts are a stream of disordered speech: it is jerky, logically incomplete, revealing the true feelings of the rushing hero. He cannot remain aloof from the ongoing events.
showing hard way searches, acquisitions and disappointments Zakira Batyrov, Z. Biisheva, like M. Sholokhov (Zakir Batyrov's throwing reminds G. Melekhov), explored the "dialectics of the soul" of her hero. This technique is also found in Sholokhov when creating such a touching image as Grigory Melekhov.
The tragic fate of the heroes in question is filled with deep historicism, embodies all the sharpness and intransigence, the historical concreteness and scope of the Civil War. Both writers showed the tragedy of the Civil War: the attitude to power determined the choice of position. Complete despair, distrust, doubt make them take the wrong step in the lives of the heroes.
Let's remember Grigory Melekhov. The painful search for truth leads Grigory either to the White Guard ranks or to the Red Army. Fighting in the ranks of the White Guards, he cannot but see the contemptuous attitude towards the Cossacks, their cruelty, he does not share the desire of the White officers to attract the British and French to fight the Red Army.
And Zakir Batyrov also rushes from one camp to another. “First, I’ll see what they breathe in Khatybal’s detachment, what kind of people have gathered there, what they want. We must see with our own eyes, and then decide what to do next, ”he decided and went to Tashsaray. Realizing that he was not on the road with the kulak gang, he joined the vigilantes and frankly rejoiced at his choice: “Now hold on, fat-bellies!. now let the bais themselves swallow the dust on the road to Siberia Let them experience it in their own skin! It's our turn to judge!" Zakir leaves the gang, steps into the Red squad, fights bravely against the Whites. But he is again overcome by doubts, again he dreams of returning to the village, of marriage.
Let's follow Grigory Melekhov. Each time, entering the fight against the people, Grigory experienced severe torment, which forced him to reach out for something new, to experience "acute feelings of great unfortunate curiosity for the Red Army, for these Russian soldiers, with whom he had to fight for some reason."
Commanding a rebel division, Gregory wants to make peace with the Reds, but does not know how to do it. Grigory feels that both the Reds and the Whites have their own truth, which is why he rushes between two fires, trying to figure out which side the truth is on. But neither one nor the other needs Melekhov with his heightened sense of justice. It does not take root among white officers who despise the newly-minted division commander, and the Reds are also afraid and hate Grigory, not understanding why and how he became a white officer. First, the world war, then the civil war, drive the hero into a moral impasse: “Grigory would have to rest, get some sleep. And then walk along a light arable furrow with a plow, whistle at the bulls, embarrass the crane's blue trumpet call. ”Fatigue and anger lead the hero to cruelty. Melekhov is shown in the most unattractive way in the scene of the murder of sailors, after which Grigory rolls on the ground, "in a monstrous enlightened" realizing that he himself has become a tool in the hands of unrighteous forces: "life's course is wrong, and maybe I'm to blame for this" .
For a short time he lives with joy about a new life in the soul of Zakir from the novel “At the Big Ik”. “It can be seen again that gloomy thoughts wandered in his head, like in a wineskin of koumiss, which have neither beginning nor end,” writes Z. Biisheva. Zakir was overcome by doubts, he did not understand why his detachment went deeper and deeper into the mountains, leaving the expanses of the steppes: “He does not have a heart for this majestic and mysterious world with centuries-old dark forests, with rocks hanging overhead: and Zakir more irritated himself. The inner monologue of the hero illuminates the struggle of motives in his soul, and it is followed by a decision: Zakir flees from the detachment. Z. Biisheva repeatedly emphasizes the anarchic nature of Zakir's behavior, the absence of a firm aspiration in him.
Painfully and for a long time hesitating between the camps, Grigory Melekhov begins to look for a non-existent "third way". And from the fact that he stood on the verge in the struggle of two principles, writes Sholokhov, he threw both of them away, a deaf, incessant irritation was born. Having fully experienced the full horror of the civil war, having alternately been in the White Guard army, then in the Red Army, without knowing the truth and not determining his path, Grigory ends up among the deserters. In the novel, there is a repeated comparison of Gregory with a wolf hunted down by a beast. The life throwing of the protagonist of the novel is due not only to the inconsistency of his complex nature, but also to the ultimate complexity of the desired goal. Gregory is looking not for a convenient truth for himself, but for a general truth, and even for such a truth, for which he will no longer have to kill.
The next stage of the search for Zakir Batyrov is a passionate desire to return to the detachment, earn the forgiveness of his comrades and go with them to the end. Again, the author renders the hero's feelings, the struggle of motives, the decisions made: “Go! Today, now, to go from here, - he decided. - To Beloretsk, catch up with your squad! They won't shoot him, they'll forgive him for the first time.” The path of finding the meaning of life ends with death for Zakir. The tragic end of Zakir is not shown directly, it is reported in the letter.
Showing the difficult path of searches, acquisitions and disappointments of her hero, Zainab Biisheva makes us look for similar features of Zakir in Grigory Melekhov.
Not long remains with the deserters and Grigory Melekhov. Deep and immeasurable were the sufferings of Gregory. He often dreamed of children, Aksinya, his mother and all other relatives.
The finale of the novel shows G. Melekhov from a new perspective. He appears before us exhausted, tormented by grief and suffering, but a courageous and strong man. It is very important to note the artistic method of conveying the hero’s inner shock, testifying to the tragic deep trouble: having buried Aksinya, Grigory saw a black sky above him and a dazzlingly shining disk of the black sun. We understand what darkness enveloped the soul of the tortured hero.
We will never know about the further fate of Gregory. His future is unknown. Tracing the fate of G. Melekhov to the end, Sholokhov shows that the complex and painful paths of his life did not etch noble human qualities out of him - and this is a guarantee that people like Grigory can find, and most of them really found their place in life .
Hammat, Zakir's older brother, always remembered his brother: when he was a front-line soldier, "Together with the workers, he threw down the Provisional GovernmentYes, he was a revolutionary soldier with an indomitable spirit"
Very clearly reveals the image of Zakir and the memories of grandmother Taibe. She held Zakir's book in her hand. He read a lot. The author shows his longing for his restless son, and pain because of his early life, late regrets that she did not want to understand his aspirations, did not want to look at the world through his eyes. There was also a bitter regret that she always condemned and scolded her son for his addiction to books. She has a desire at least now, albeit belatedly, to understand the soul of her son.
Writers have shown that any war, and especially civil war, does not bring a person anything but the death of loved ones, the loss of a home, the loss of a family, physical deprivation and spiritual suffering.
We observe all this in detail and consistently on the example of the heroes of the novel.
From the fire, the war, a person does not endure anything but his own destruction.
Conclusion
So, having considered the tragic path of the heroes, we see that both Grigory Melekhov and Zakir Batyrov withstood the test of time and suffering. They managed to preserve honor, save life values, and most importantly, honor, managed to resist the whirlpool of events that swept Russia. These are the people who made their own choice and stayed in their native land. The symbolic figure in the hands of the father indicates that life goes on. Both novels are a book of path and choice, a book of insight.
In terms of scale, content, perhaps, the image of Zakir Batyrov is slightly different from Grigory Melekhov. This is understandable, Zakir is not the main character of the novel. But Z. Biisheva managed to show the problem of a person's moral choice in a difficult time for Russia and Bashkortostan, this image undoubtedly enriched the writer's trilogy, made it memorable, bright. The author is far from idealizing historical events. The novel convincingly shows what enormous sacrifices the victory during the civil war cost. The best people die in the struggle for the happy life of their people.
Studying these works, I discovered important life lessons. Values that people have suffered in cruel trials have the highest beauty. Human dignity, generosity, freedom and patriotism, kindness and tenderness, love and trusting affection of a child are the image of psychological analysis in Bashkir literature. Thus, Z. Biisheva enriched her novel, using this technique, she was able to express the new in the topic of the civil war, prompted by her time, national experience, individuality, and thus the novel helps to present a complete picture of the historical past of Bashkortostan and the path of an earthly person.
A person during his life is faced daily with situations where you need to make a choice that has a direct impact on life in the future. Often it is based on the fact that you have to compare good and bad, and take one of the sides.
What is a moral choice?
A lot is said about a person by his actions and especially situations when it is necessary to take the side of good or evil, and this is called a moral choice. An example is the opposition of loyalty and betrayal, help or indifference, and so on. WITH early childhood Parents tell their children what is good and what is bad. The moral choice of a person depends on his character, specific situation, upbringing and other important aspects.
What is the importance of moral choice?
Each person has the right to independently decide how to act in a given situation, based on the concepts of good and evil. In such situations, one can judge his moral and ethical attitudes. It is worth understanding why a moral choice is needed and what effect it has, so by taking steps in the chosen direction, a person forms his own and the opinion of the people around him about him. Moral choices can influence the development of peoples, because presidents often make choices based on their own morality.
What is a person's moral choice?
Conscience is the basis of morality when there is a clear understanding of what is acceptable and unacceptable in life. Another important point worth dwelling on is what determines a person’s moral choice, and so the future depends on it, since every decision has consequences. People who choose the path of evil will go down, and those who choose to live in good, on the contrary, move up.
Many mistakenly believe that a moral choice implies a certain set of restrictions that encroach on a person’s freedom and prevent him from exercising his own. In fact, it only sets the direction where it is better for a person to move in order to grow spiritually and develop as a person. It has been historically proven that civilization, culture and morality were maximally developed during periods of spiritual prosperity.
What determines a person's moral choice?
Unfortunately, in the modern world, morality is in decline, and all because people do not have an adequate understanding of good and evil. Personality development should start from early childhood. The moral choice in a person's life depends on upbringing, level of knowledge, consciousness, education, and so on. The environment in which a person grows and lives also has an impact, for example, the position of the family and interaction with society. In situations where one has to make a choice in favor of good or evil, the essence of people is manifested, that is, their conscientious fundamental principle.
The concept of "moral choice" indicates that it must be conscious. In any society, human behavior is considered by analyzing behavior, actions, attitudes towards various things and freedom of choice. Psychologists believe that willpower is no less important, and if a person has it, then most likely he will never face the problem of moral choice.
What is moral choice?
A person's actions shape his life and future, so the moral choice depends on which path a person will take. For example, if a situation arises in which it is necessary to lie or tell the truth, then each option will depend further development situations. Another important point worth paying attention to is what a moral choice requires from a person, so in order to make the right decision, you need to carefully consider everything, weigh all the pros and cons, and be sure to think about the consequences.
Moral standards and moral choice
Psychologists say that morality is an important guide in life in order to determine the right moral direction. Standing on the side of good, a person strives for the integrity of the individual and the achievement of harmony in relations with other people and within himself. Evil, on the contrary, corrupts the inner world. Moral Choice modern man faces various trials and temptations, and more and more often you can hear the motto - the strongest survive.
Moral choice in an extreme situation
When a person gets into extreme situation, then he can make a decision that he would never have made in ordinary life. If the behavior does not differ in any way from the usual conditions, then it is considered that this is an indicator of morality. In any situation, you must act according to your conscience, knowing that you will have to answer for all decisions. There are main signs of moral choice, in which five components can be distinguished:
- motive. Before making a decision, you need to understand why this is being done.
- Target. It is equally important to consider intentions, that is, what you want to get in the end.
- Means to achieve the goal. The morality of an act implies the correct balance of the goal and the means to achieve it. V modern life Most people live by the principle that the end justifies the means, but more often this is the wrong way.
- Choice. To understand the moral side of the issue, it is important to take into account the circumstances in which one had to act, that is, voluntarily or under duress.
- Result. It is important to analyze the result in order to draw appropriate conclusions about the correctness of the choice.
Books about moral choice
There are many literary works who choose morality as their main theme.
- "Live and remember" V.G. Rasputin. The book includes several stories in which the problem of conscience and the correctness of choice is acute.
- "Little hostess big house» D. London. This piece is based on a love triangle. There is a lot of intrigue in the novel, but at the same time it is saturated with noble and honest deeds.
- "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin. In this work, there is a problem of moral choice, which faced Tatyana, who received a love letter from Onegin.
God created man in his own image. But the most important thing that he gave to his creation is the ability to think, reflect and make a choice. Sometimes we face very complex tasks that seem quite difficult to solve on our own. In this case, the heroes of literary works come to the rescue, who offer their weighty arguments. The problem of choice is the main theme USE essays Therefore, the younger generation needs to properly prepare for the decisive stage in their lives.
Problems of choice in human life
Think about how often in a day you have to solve questions that have two or even more answers? First you think about what to eat for breakfast, then how to dress for school and which way to go there. After lessons, you usually wonder whether to do homework now, or after a party? And go for a walk today with Masha or Kolya? All these questions are just minor daily problems that you will surely deal with easily.
But there are more serious choices in life. Sooner or later, but you will have to think about where to go to study, where to work, how to determine your life path. You need to think about this already now, on the threshold of adulthood. It is for this that teachers are asked to read works at school, analyze them and draw conclusions. To make it easier for you in the future, based on the experience of others. We suggest that you consider what kind of problem of life choice is found in the literature. We give arguments as examples.
Problems of a social nature
What difficulties can a young person have with society? Teenagers are known to be very emotional and emotionally unstable people. During puberty, they have completely unusual thoughts, and sometimes it seems to them that the whole world is against them. But survival in society is the key to a happy adult life. And you need to learn this as early as possible. The table on the left side presents the problem of choice, arguments from the literature - on the right.
Problem name | Argument |
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Some people are too rich, others are poor. | Dostoevsky F. M. "Crime and Punishment". Despite the fact that a lot of different problems are raised in the novel, the main one is the border of poverty, beyond which the main characters are forced to exist. |
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Closure, orientation only to one's own world, without regard to others. | There is a problem of choice in the works: Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon" and Chekhov "The Man in the Case". |
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Loneliness and its heaviness. | A good example is Sholokhov's The Fate of a Man. The problem of life choice and loneliness is presented by two heroes at once - Andrei Sokolov and the boy Vanya. Both during the war lost everything that was dear to them. |
Problems of school relationships
Such difficulties are also quite common. Moreover, it is very difficult for a teenager to understand them, and even more so to solve them. Parents, as a rule, cannot or do not want to interfere with the relationship between teachers and students. Consider what the literature has to say about this.
Problem name | Argument |
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Unwillingness to learn and acquire knowledge | This is also a significant problem of choice in human life. Arguments about the reluctance to gain knowledge are in the comedy F.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". Main character, being a lazy and sloven, he did not achieve anything in life, and was not adapted for independent existence. |
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Excellent arguments are offered in his autobiographical trilogy by A. M. Gorky “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”. |
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The role of the Russian language in the life of any person | Nabokov, in his novel The Gift, extols the Russian language as a gift of fate and teaches how to appreciate what is given from above. It is also useful to read Turgenev's poems, in which he admires the power and greatness of the Russian language. |
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Clash of different outlooks on life | Teacher and student are like father and child. One of them has tremendous experience and his own adult view of the world. The other has his own opinion, often contradicting an adult. This is also a kind of choice problem. Arguments from the literature can be drawn from Turgenev's work "Fathers and Sons". |
Family problems
Where without them? Family problems occur all the time and at any age. We can hurt the closest person, and not even think about his feelings. Still forgive. And sometimes we hurt our own parents the most. Avoiding mistakes is very difficult. But you can read what is the problem of choice. Arguments from the literature will help in this.
Problem name | Argument |
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The complexity of the relationship between parents and children. | Parents often do not understand the point of view of their offspring. The choice of children seems terrible to them, contrary to the norms and rules of life. But children are sometimes wrong. Read Gogol's story "Taras Bulba". This is a very serious work that makes you think about how the problem of choice happens in a person's life. The arguments are impressive. |
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The role of childhood | Do you think kids are easy? No matter how. We live in a relatively calm and stable time and we can give children the joy of growing up. But not many had it. About how quickly you can grow up during the war years, Pristavkin writes in the story "A golden cloud spent the night." Tolstoy also encounters the problem of life choice. Look for arguments in the trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth". |
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| 3. | Family relationships. Orphanhood. | Family values must be preserved. Proof of this is the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Do not be lazy, read everything, and you will understand how important it is to preserve what has developed and settled down for centuries. |
The problem of choosing a life path. Arguments from literature
Even an adult sometimes feels that his life has failed. The work is not to their liking, the profession does not bring the desired profit, there is no love, nothing around portends happiness. Now, if I then, ten years ago, went to study there, or married someone, then my life would have turned out quite differently, perhaps happier. A person creates his own destiny and everything depends on this choice. The biggest difficulty is that the literature will help to understand this extremely complex issue.
Probably the best example for the younger generation is Goncharov's novel Oblomov. The theme of the whole work is the choice of one's place in life. On the fate of several people, the author tells what can happen if you are weak-willed, or vice versa, strong-willed and stubborn. Ilya Oblomov, as the main character, carries negative traits- inability to work, laziness and stubbornness. As a result, he turns into a kind of shadow, without purpose and happiness.
Another example of how inheritance, and not one's own choice, affects a person's life is "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin. It would seem, what else does a young nobleman need? Carefree life, balls, love. No need to think about how to work, where to get money for food. But Onegin is not satisfied with such a life. He protests against the established secular life, against the moral norms of his time, for which many consider him an eccentric. Onegin's main task is to find new values, the meaning of his life.
What about the profession
Another insoluble task of the younger generation is the problem of choosing a profession. Arguments can be given by completely different parents, offering their child the best, in their opinion, occupation in life. Now this situation is not uncommon. Moms and dads are forced to go to study where their child does not want to go at all. They argue their position in different ways: it is profitable to be a doctor, it is prestigious to be a financier, a programmer is in demand, and a poor teenager just wants to become a machinist.
This happened to the main character of the work of Mikhail Veller "I want to be a janitor." The main character had a problem choosing a profession. The arguments in favor of who to become were given to him by his parents. They advised me to look at others who are successfully defending their Ph.D., performing at concerts after the conservatory. But the hero did not want to change his freedom for sitting his pants in the classrooms and studying books. He was attracted by a childhood dream of becoming a janitor, which he aspired to.
An example of the fact that it is not enough to choose a good profession to your liking, but you also need to develop your skills, is given by A.P. Chekhov in the story "Ionych". Especially if you are a doctor. So it was with the main character Ionych. He conscientiously worked, helped people, until he became morally obsolete. He did not follow the latest in pharmacology, was not interested in new methods of treatment. He risked losing his well-being. The moral of the work: the right choice of profession is only half the success, you need to improve your skills and talent.
Problem Arguments
All our actions are influenced by the environment. Before taking this or that step, we will definitely think about whether it contradicts the norms of social relations, conscience, morality, etc. This is all a problem of moral choice. The arguments here are simple. A wise man once said that there is never a right answer. Because for you it will be true, but for someone it will be false. Let's see what literature teaches us.
Problem name | Argument |
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Humanity, mercy | The best examples are given by M. Sholokhov. He has several stories from where you can draw theses about mercy and humanity. This is the "Science of Hate", "The Fate of Man". |
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Cruelty | Sometimes circumstances force a person to commit cruel and terrible deeds. It is difficult to find such arguments. The problem of choice arose among the heroes of M. Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". The action takes place during the years of the revolution, and the main characters have to sacrifice something in the name of the revolution. |
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| 3. | About dream and reality | Here you can not do without romantic story A. Green " Scarlet Sails". But what would happen if Gray never appeared in Assol's life? In reality, this does not happen. Of course, dreams sometimes come true, but you need to make a lot of effort yourself for this. |
| 4. | The fight between good and evil | We are always fighting two elements - good and evil. Think about your actions and you will find arguments. The problem of choice also appeared before the heroes of Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita. This is an excellent work in which the branches of good and bad deeds are very skillfully intertwined. |
| 5. | self-sacrifice | And again "Master and Margarita". A woman for the sake of her beloved left her home, wealth and family. She became weightlessness, a shadow, she sold her soul to the devil for her Master. The product makes you think. And one more story that I would like to remember in this context. This is Gorky's "Old Woman Izergil". brave hero Danko tore out his heart from his chest in order to save people, thanks to which the path was lit up, and everyone was saved. |
Personal problems
The most painful topic for teenagers is love. At the same time, she is the most interesting to write about. And how many examples can be given! Love and romantic relationships are another issue of choice. The essay is forced to write, based on their own thoughts, which are sometimes confused and mixed. Consider what arguments can be made in this context.
I just want to remember tragic love Romeo and Juliet in Shakespeare's play. Misunderstanding on the part of relatives and hostility of clans lead to tragic consequences, although the young were sincerely in love and experienced only the most tender and virginal feelings for each other.
An excellent example of a real romantic relationship in Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet". After reading this work, I want to believe that love is the best feeling that a person has ever had. "Garnet Bracelet" is an ode to the young, a hymn of happiness and prose of innocence.
Love is sometimes destructive. There are arguments for this in the literature. The problem of choice appeared before Anna Karenina in the novel of the same name by L.N. Tolstoy. The feelings that arose for the young officer Volkonsky became fatal for her. For the sake of new happiness, the woman left her devoted husband and beloved son. She sacrificed her status, reputation, position in society. And what did you get for it? Love and happiness or melancholy and disappointment?
Problems of ecology, relationships with nature
Different is the problem of choice in life. Arguments were given in a variety of ways. It's time to talk about the environment in which we live. Recently, mankind has seriously thought about the fact that a person, in fact, treats his home, Mother Earth, very dismissively. And all the actions aimed at preserving the health of the planet do not bring significant results. The ozone layer is being destroyed, the air is being polluted, there is practically no clean fresh water left in the world...
Do you allow yourself to leave rubbish behind you after a holiday in the forest? Do you burn plastic and put out flames before leaving? The authors wrote a lot about the relationship with nature. Consider what can be useful for the exam.
Let's start with the dystopian novel by E. Zamyatin "We". We are talking about the inhabitants of a certain United State, who have become numbers, and their entire existence is possible only within the framework of the Table of Hours. They do not have trees and rivers, because the whole world is built from human buildings and devices. They are surrounded by perfectly even proportions of glass houses. And relationships and love are allowed if there is a pink card. Such a world was depicted by Zamyatin on purpose to show that a person will turn into a programmed robot without nature, real feelings and the beauty of the world around him.
The struggle between nature and man takes place in the work of E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea". Here is the real problem of choosing a person. The arguments are flawless. If you want to live - hold on. This applies to both a weak old man and a strong shark caught on a hook. The fight for life is to the death. Who will win and who will surrender? A short story makes you think deeply about the meaning and price of life.
The problem of patriotism
Excellent arguments about love for the Motherland can be found in many. It is in this hard times sincerity of feelings is truly manifested.
An example of an ideology about false and true patriotism can be considered an epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". There are many scenes in the books dedicated to this. It is worth remembering Natasha Rostova, who persuaded her mother to donate wagons for the wounded near Borodino. At the same time, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky himself was mortally wounded in the decisive battle.
But the greatest love for the Motherland belongs to ordinary soldiers. They do not make loud speeches, do not glorify the king, but are simply ready to die for their land, for their country. The author directly says that it was possible to defeat Napoleon in that war only due to the solidarity of the entire Russian people. The French commander in other countries faced exclusively with the army, and in Russia he was opposed by ordinary people of different classes and ranks. Near Borodino, Napoleon's army suffered a moral defeat, and the Russian army won thanks to its mighty fortitude and patriotism.
Conclusion
How to pass the exam with excellent marks the main problem choice. Arguments (USE) we tried to give those that are most often found in the topics of essays. It remains only to choose what you need.