Bunin Ivan Alekseevich is one of best writers our country. The first collection of his poems appeared in 1881. Then he wrote the stories "To the End of the World", "Tanka", "News from the Motherland" and some others. In 1901, a new collection "Listopad" was published, for which the author received the Pushkin Prize.
Popularity and recognition come to the writer. He meets M. Gorky, A. P. Chekhov, L. N. Tolstoy.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Ivan Alekseevich creates the stories "Zakhar Vorobyov", "Pines", " Antonov apples"and others, which depict the tragedy of a destitute, impoverished people, as well as the ruin of the estates of the nobles.
and emigration
Bunin took the October Revolution negatively, as a social drama. He emigrated to France in 1920. Here he wrote, in addition to other works, a cycle of short stories entitled "Dark Alleys" (we will analyze the story of the same name from this collection just below). The main theme of the cycle is love. Ivan Alekseevich reveals to us not only the bright sides of it, but also the dark ones, as evidenced by the name itself.
Bunin's fate was both tragic and happy. In his art, he reached unsurpassed heights, he was the first Russian writer to receive the prestigious Nobel prize... But he was forced to live thirty years in a foreign land, with longing for the Motherland and spiritual closeness with her.
Collection "Dark alleys"
These experiences served as an impetus for the creation of the cycle "Dark Alleys", which we will analyze. This collection, in a truncated form, first appeared in New York in 1943. In 1946, the next edition was published in Paris, which included 38 stories. The collection differed sharply in its content from the way the theme of love was habitually covered in Soviet literature.
Bunin's view of love
Bunin had his own view of this feeling, different from others. Its ending was one - death or parting, no matter how much the heroes loved each other. Ivan Alekseevich believed that it looked like a flash, but this is precisely what is wonderful. Over time, love is replaced by affection, which gradually turns into everyday life. Bunin's heroes are deprived of this. They only experience a flash and part, enjoying it.
Consider the Analysis of the story that opens the cycle of the same name, starting with brief description stories.
The plot of the story "Dark Alleys"
Its plot is straightforward. General Nikolai Alekseevich, already an old man, arrives at the post station and meets here his beloved, whom he has not seen for about 35 years. Hope he does not immediately recognize. Now she is the hostess in which their first meeting once took place. The hero finds out that all this time she loved only him.
The story "Dark Alleys" continues. Nikolai Alekseevich is trying to justify himself before the woman for not visiting her for so many years. "Everything passes," he says. But these explanations are very insincere, clumsy. Nadezhda wisely answers the general, saying that everyone's youth passes away, but love does not. The woman reproaches her lover that he abandoned her heartlessly, so she many times wanted to lay hands on herself, but she realizes that now it is too late to reproach.
Let us dwell in more detail on the story "Dark Alleys". shows that Nikolai Alekseevich does not seem to feel remorse, but Nadezhda is right when she says that not everything is forgotten. The general, too, could not forget this woman, his first love. In vain he asks her: "Go away, please." And he says that if only God would forgive him, and Hope, apparently, has already forgiven him. But it turns out that no. The woman admits that she could not do this. Therefore, the general is forced to make excuses, to apologize to his former lover, saying that he was never happy, but he loved his wife without memory, and she abandoned Nikolai Alekseevich, cheated on him. He adored his son, had high hopes, but he turned out to be an impudent, mot, without honor, heart, conscience.
Is the old love still alive?
Let's analyze the work "Dark Alleys". Analysis of the story shows that the feelings of the main characters have not faded away. It becomes clear to us that the old love has survived, the heroes of this work still love each other. Leaving, the general admits to himself that this woman gave him the best moments of life. For the betrayal of his first love, fate avenges the hero. Nikolai Alekseevich ("Dark Alleys") does not find happiness in his family life. An analysis of his experiences proves this. He realizes that he missed the chance given once by fate. When the coachman tells the general that this mistress gives money at interest and is very "cool", although she is fair: if he did not return it on time, then blame yourself, Nikolai Alekseevich projects these words onto his life, reflects on what would if he hadn't abandoned this woman.
What prevented the happiness of the main characters?
At one time, class prejudices prevented the future general from joining the fate of a commoner. But love from the heart of the protagonist did not leave and prevented him from becoming happy with another woman, from raising a son worthily, as our analysis shows. "Dark Alleys" (Bunin) is a work that has a tragic connotation.
Hope also carried love through her whole life and in the end she also found herself alone. For the suffering caused, she could not forgive the hero, since he remained in her life the most dear person... Nikolai Alekseevich was unable to violate the rules established in society, did not dare to act against them. After all, if the general married Nadezhda, he would have met with contempt and incomprehension of those around him. And the poor girl had no choice but to submit to fate. In those days, bright alleys of love between a peasant and a gentleman were impossible. This problem is already public, not personal.
The drama of the fate of the main characters
Bunin in his work wanted to show the drama of the fate of the main characters, who were forced to leave, being in love with each other. In this world, love turned out to be doomed and especially fragile. But she illuminated their whole life, forever remained in the memory of the best moments. This story is romantically beautiful, albeit dramatic.
In Bunin's work "Dark Alleys" (we are now analyzing this story), the theme of love is a cross-cutting motive. It permeates all creativity, thereby linking the emigre and Russian periods. It is she who allows the writer to correlate mental experiences with the phenomena of external life, as well as to approach the mystery of the human soul, proceeding from the influence of objective reality on him.
This concludes the analysis of "Dark Alleys". Everyone understands love in their own way. This amazing feeling has not yet been solved. The theme of love will always be relevant, since it is the driving force behind many human actions, the meaning of our life. This conclusion is led, in particular, by our analysis. "Dark Alleys" by Bunin is a story that, even in its name, reflects the idea that this feeling cannot be fully understood, it is "dark", but at the same time beautiful.
1The article is devoted to Bunin's book and is an attempt to identify and analyze its stylistic features. In the story "Dark Alleys" I. Bunin artistically explores the phenomenon of love as love-memory, love-hope. The plot of the work is based on the history of the relationship between a man and a woman, people who were once close to each other. Bunin's moral and philosophical concept of the reflection of man and the world can be compared with Leonov's, which was formed as a result of the prose writer's observations of life. An important role in this was played by the writer's aesthetic guidelines: the creative use of the traditions of oral literature, ancient Russian literary monuments. I. Bunin as an artist cannot be fully understood without taking into account the literary, artistic, cultural and philosophical contexts of the era in which the personality of the writer was formed and its subsequent evolution. I. Bunin's style is aimed at finding a hero who expresses the moral, ethical and spiritual criteria of the era, he is characterized by a bright sensual element, plastic verbal depiction, and, at the same time, the utmost brevity of artistic writing. I. Bunin is characterized by the maximum saturation of the figurative detail, the symbolism of images, a special rhythmic and musical organization of prose.
problematic
composition
loop structure
lyric hero
history of Russian literature of the twentieth century
1. Bunin I.A. Clean Monday // Selected works in 2 volumes. T. I. Stories and stories. - Cheboksary, 1993.
2. Mikhailov ON Bunin's Life: Life Is Given Only to the Word - M., 2002.
3. Petisheva V.A. The novels of L.M. Leonov 1920-1990s: evolution, poetics, structure of the genre. - M., 2006.
4. Petisheva V.A., Petishev A.A. Man and nature in L. Leonov's novel Russian Forest "// Bulletin of the Bashkir University, 2014. - V. 19. - No. 3. - P. 926-929.
5. Pustovoitova O.V. The path of I.A. Bunin to "Dark Alleys": Love, Life, Death "// Philology - Cultural Studies: Dialogue of Sciences: Materials of the Scientific Internet Conference" Philology - Culturology: Dialogue of Sciences "December 18-19, 2010. - Odintsovo: ANOO VPO" Odintsovo Institute for the Humanities ", 2010. - S. 65-70.
6. Slivitskaya O.V. "Heightened sense of life": the world of Ivan Bunin / O.V. Slivitskaya. - M., 2004.
The name of I.A. Bunin is a landmark in Russian literature of the 20th century. Poet, writer, nobel laureate, in the words of O. Mikhailov, "Ivan Tsarevich of Russian Literature", I. Bunin completes the golden age of Russian fine literature. I.A. Bunin is an innovative writer. It was he who opened a new page in Russian literature - the page of New Realism, the brightest example of which was his "Dark Alleys". The article is devoted to this Bunin book and is an attempt to identify and analyze its stylistic features, to identify those features that make it possible to speak of this cycle as a Bunin one.
The cycle "Dark Alleys" is I. Bunin's favorite creation, according to the master himself, a kind of result of his entire life. The book in which he fully revealed himself as a writer, philosopher, stylist, masterly speaking the language. And it is "Dark Alleys", among other works of the great writer, in our opinion, that give the most complete picture of I. Bunin as a man who lived, loved, suffered, and created.
The theme of love is inexhaustible. At all times, she excited the hearts and minds of people. Poets and writers, philosophers and scientists, artists and composers - each with the means of his own genre - tried to reveal the secret of this feeling. A special place in the disclosure of this topic in the field of literature belongs to the prose cycle of the famous Russian classic I. Bunin "Dark Alleys". Since the end of the 80s of the last century, literary scholars have paid more attention to Bunin's "Dark Alleys". This book has been studied from different angles. In particular, genre and compositional features, language, poetics of the cycle, themes and problems of the works that make up the book, the role of titles, etc. were widely considered.
In the story "Dark Alleys" (1938) I. Bunin artistically explores the phenomenon of love as love-memory, love-hope. The plot of the work is based on the history of the relationship between a man and a woman, people who were once close to each other. Their paths parted in their youth, but fate brought the heroes together again after many years, so that they would comprehend their past in a new way. Memories of the happy days of youth, when beauty, passion, sincerity were perceived as everyday realities, "ordinary" events, make the hero of "Dark Alley" look at his life and comprehend love as a great, "extraordinary" feeling that could become a consolation in moments sorrow and despair. It took the hero of I. Bunin a whole life to realize that he experienced the best and "magic" moments next to this woman. Bunin's heroine Nadezhda carried love for her chosen one through all the vicissitudes of time, preserving its integrity and naturalness. Everyday life did not change her inner world, in which love remained the main value, gave meaning to her existence.
The world of love is a unique sphere of being of Bunin's heroes, where the comprehension of reality and its realities is carried out by the intensity of "cosmic feelings". For the heroine of the story "Clean Monday" (1944), love-passion naturally develops into love-purification. The closeness of the heroine with her lover gains symbolic meaning, becomes a kind of sale of the soul to the devil-tempter. The heroine does not accept marriage, for her this is the end of blissful happiness. The fear that one day love will dry up, fade, cease to be "<...>"Non-everyday" phenomenon in her Everyday life", Generates in the soul of the heroine thoughts of salvation, escape from this feeling. Love is beautiful and romantic until it has passed into the category of banality, has not become a part of everyday life included in the daily cycle of everyday problems and disappointments. The heroes of I. Bunin in love are trying to preserve its lightness, charm, which are incompatible with everyday life.
The theme of the novel "Clean Monday" is love. Just what kind of love? Love of two people, or love for God, or something else. The eventful part, the plot are simplified, the story seems to be devoid of external amusement, there are only two heroes: he and she - “<...>both are rich, healthy, good-looking. " But the main thing in this work is still the heroine, she is a riddle, her inner world not clear, behavior is not standard. Despite the fact that she is loved, adored, she goes to the monastery. What pushes her to take this step?
In search of an answer, one should pay attention to the description of the everyday life, everyday life of the heroes, because I. Bunin elevated everyday life to a philosophical meaning. Many details are written out in detail (the heroine plays exactly the beginning “ Moonlight Sonatas”), The author uses an unexpected juxtaposition of scenes - all this reveals to us the inner world of the heroes, their views on the world. The heroine is described through the eyes of a hero, but detailed description it is not immediately given: in different situations it is shown in different ways. The only thing that is emphasized is that she does everything "for some reason," but why specifically is not clear, as if she lives "in passing", not understanding exactly why.
After a detailed story about the relationship of the heroes, the author sparingly speaks in fact about the end of the relationship, and already in the description of the morning, the approach of the denouement is palpable. In addition, the writer maintains a sad and tragic mood at the end. Images of a snowy morning, peace after a past blizzard correlate with the feelings of the heroes, with her decision to leave the world and its hopeless despair. “I dressed carefully, kissed her hair timidly and tiptoed out onto the stairs, already lightening with a pale color. I was walking on the young sticky snow - there was no more snowstorm, everything was calm and could already be seen far along the streets. It smelled of both snow and bakeries. I reached Iverskaya Street, the interior of which was burning hot and shining with fires of candles, knelt down, took off my hat ... Someone touched my shoulder - I looked: some unfortunate old woman was looking at me, wincing with pitying tears: “Oh! Don't be killed, don't be killed like that! Sin, sin! " ...
The image of the "unfortunate old woman" who took pity on the hero carries a special semantic and emotional load - the reader already guesses about the illusion, the impossibility of happiness for the heroes. This is followed by the words from which the reader learns about the request "do not wait for it anymore, do not try to search, see ...". Further, from the letter we learn that she will go “for the time being to obedience,” and then, perhaps, she will decide to tonsure. The logic of the text suggests that in constant meditation she doubted and suffered, choosing between earthly love and leaving the world, purification, renunciation. It is hardly possible to find precise and unambiguous answers to all the questions of "Clean Monday" that arise during reading. I. Bunin is not a writer who gives such answers to questions posed or not posed.
The ending of the story is quite natural. From the very beginning, it is clear that the heroine is special, not like others, which means that her fate should be different. I. Bunin emphasizes that she was not created for “this” world, she needed too much, but she did not find happiness, there was not enough “food” for the soul of this girl: she “kept thinking something<...>I was delving into something in my mind.
Two years have passed since the memorable Hero of Clean Monday. In a few lines, in a very laconic way, the narrator tells about his grief and about the time it took to come to his senses. We also learn about the last meeting that took place in the Martha-Mary monastery. On a sunny quiet evening under New Year- “like that unforgettable one” - he came to the Kremlin, stood at the Archangel Cathedral, went to Ordynka “and kept crying, crying.” For some reason, he wanted to enter the Martha-Mariinsky monastery. And there, in the line of "nuns or sisters", he saw how "one of the walking in the middle suddenly raised her head, covered with a white kerchief, blocking the candle with her hand, gaze with dark eyes into the darkness, as if just at me ...". The hero wonders how she could see in the dark, how she could feel his presence. The reader has the right to wonder how he himself “felt” her presence in this monastery.
The story of "strange love" occupies the main place in the artistic world of the work, and what happened later without it - fits in a few phrases. This idea can be explained by the peculiarities of the genre. "Clean Monday" is a short story. Novella is a small genre narrative literature approaching a story or story. As a rule, this is a piece with a sharp, exciting plot. The novella is characterized by the presence of a so-called turning point. V " Clean Monday”Such a point is the departure of the heroine to the monastery.
This artistic feature helps us to understand the ideological content of the text. The main events of the novel fall on Forgiveness Sunday and Clean Monday. On Forgiveness Sunday, people ask for forgiveness and forgive offenses themselves. For the heroine, this day becomes a day of farewell to worldly life, in which she did not find meaning and harmony. On the first day of fasting - Clean Monday - people begin to cleanse themselves of the filth that clouded their souls.
Thus, Clean Monday is the line beyond which a new life begins. This is how the theme of love is solved on the pages of I.A. Bunin's "Clean Monday", where the writer reveals himself as a man of amazing talent, a subtle psychologist who knows how to convey the state of a soul wounded by love.
V domestic literature Before I. Bunin, there was, in our opinion, no writer in whose work the motives of love, passion, feelings - in all shades and transitions - would play such a significant role. Love is a "light breath" that has visited the world and is ready to disappear at any moment - it appears only "in fatal moments." The writer denies her the ability to last - in the family, in marriage, in everyday life. A short, dazzling flash that illuminates the souls of lovers to the bottom, brings them to the critical edge, beyond which death, suicide, nothingness. To the later I. Bunin, the closeness of love and death, their conjugation seemed to be a particular manifestation of the general catastrophic nature of being, the fragility of existence itself. All these themes that have long been close to him ("New shoots", "Chalice of life", " Easy breath») Were filled with new, formidable content after the great social cataclysms that shook Russia and the whole world. “Love is beautiful and love is doomed” - these concepts finally merged and coincided, carrying in the depths, in the grain of each work, the personal grief of Bunin the emigrant: “Imperceptibly she became a girl, and imperceptibly her grammar school glory was strengthened, and rumors began to circulate that she was windy , cannot live without admirers, that the schoolboy Shenshin is madly in love with her, that she seems to love him too, but is so changeable in her treatment of him that he attempted suicide. The world of love, happiness I. Bunin builds as a world opposite to everyday life.
Bunin's moral and philosophical concept of reflection of man and the world can be compared with Leonov's, which “<...>formed<...>as a result of the prose writer’s observations of life. An important role in this was played by the aesthetic guidelines of the writer: the creative use of the traditions of oral literature, ancient Russian literary monuments<...>L. Leonov as an artist, critic and publicist cannot be fully understood without taking into account the literary, artistic, cultural and philosophical contexts of the era in which the personality of the writer was formed and its subsequent evolution.
I. Bunin's style<...>is aimed at finding a hero who expresses the moral, ethical and spiritual criteria of the era ”, he is characterized by a bright sensual element, plastic verbal depiction, and, at the same time, the utmost brevity of artistic writing. I. Bunin is characterized by the maximum saturation of the figurative detail, the symbolism of images, a special rhythmic and musical organization of prose. The problem of personality in the work of a prose writer exists as a problem of the meaning of individual being, not always explained by any socio-ideological goal or socio-political program of action. Very important for artistic world I. Bunin imagines a category of memory - not only a precious gift, but an exhausting burden, labor, which serves as the writer 's measure of a person's value, his personal significance. In the work of I. Bunin, a truly tragic concept of love is realized as a feeling of all-consuming, irresistible, instinctive, love as the highest form human existence... The favorite genre of the writer is a story in which poetic and prosaic, lyrical and epic, subjective and objective are synthesized. In general, the poetics of I. Bunin is characterized by a single lyrical pathos. In the writer's creative method, on the one hand, an orientation toward realism prevails, on the other, an orientation toward impressionism, on one's own impression, the desire to capture only a moment from the unstoppable stream of life, the search for new forms and compositions, the understatement, the weakening of the role of the plot, often based not on the logical, but on the associative principle, incompleteness, gravitation towards cyclicity, etc.
So, "Dark Alleys" is a landmark work in the work of I. Bunin, a kind of result of his life. In our opinion, this is the book in which the writer manifested himself most vividly - as a stylist, as a writer, as a philosopher. This is a storehouse of his life observations, reflections, creative searches. That is why it still arouses keen interest among literary specialists and the common reader.
The first story, according to which the cycle is named, is a kind of stylistic regularity to which the entire book as a whole is subordinated. He plays the role of the beginning. It concentrates a range of questions that worry the writer and which he tries to answer with the entire book. Here, for the first time, the image of dark alleys appears. What are dark alleys for I. Bunin? This is a symbolic image. Love symbol. Feelings of the brightest, most valuable person in life. Feelings that combine the divine and the devil, feelings of destructive and constructive, initially tragic, but still worth experiencing. This postulate, indicated in the first story, runs through the entire cycle, from work to work. And the image of dark alleys turns into a kind of dominant, linking all the stories, short stories, miniatures of the book into a single whole.
The stylistic features of "Dark Alley" are manifested at the genre level as well. It combines such small genre forms as a short story, a story, and a lyrical miniature. And in each of them I. Bunin manifests his "I". The short stories that make up the book are divided into two groups - pivotal short stories (for example, "Dark Alleys", "Clean Monday") and traditional ones. The most important feature of the short stories is their diversity, the presence of an internal storyline in them.
So, working on "Dark Alleys", I. Bunin wanted to show what is the most important thing in human life. And this main thing turned out to be love - tragic, sometimes maddening and pushing for crimes, but still worth experiencing. In order to show all the strength of this feeling, all its facets, the master turns to the most suitable, in his opinion, genre form - a short story. But this is not the only thing that interests the author. Testing the spiritual and moral consistency of the feeling experienced by the hero's whole life is also one of Bunin's tasks. That is why the writer turns to the genre of the story. The most important feature of the Bunin stories included in "Dark Alleys" is the combination of the story itself with the novella. In addition, a feature of Bunin's stories is that the action takes place over a sufficiently long period of time (in "Clean Monday", for example, these are years, in "Ballad" - a combination contemporary author reality with deep antiquity), and the presence, as in the short stories, descriptions.
All the works of the book have a monological character, which is why the speech of one of the characters prevails in them - the narrator or the hero-storyteller. But, despite this, their speech is still not homogeneous - it does not belong only to them. It contains interspersing the speech of other characters. For these purposes, I. Bunin widely uses the techniques of depicted and improperly direct speech. This is explained by the fact that the author is trying to get away from the pressure of one of the characters over the others, gives the others the opportunity to be more active, to express themselves, thereby giving the narration more objectivity.
Reviewers:
A.A. Karamova, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Philology, FSBEI HPE "Bashkir State University"(Birsk branch), Birsk.
Abdullina A.Sh., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of Philology and intercultural communication FSBEI HPE "Bashkir State University" (Birsk branch), Birsk.
Bibliographic reference
Petisheva V.A., Khusnutdinova I.M. THE PHENOMENON OF LOVE IN THE CYCLE OF I. BUNIN "DARK ALLEY" // Contemporary problems science and education. - 2015. - No. 2-3 .;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=23980 (date of access: 05.02. We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
One of the main themes of I. Bunin's work is the theme of love. The cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" is devoted to this topic. Bunin considered this book to be the most perfect in artistic skill. "All the stories of this book are only about love, about its" dark "
and most often very gloomy and cruel alleys, ”wrote Bunin. The collection "Dark Alleys" is one of the last masterpieces of the great master.
Natalie's story is entirely devoted to the theme of love. But love in the story appears before us not psychological, but from the irrational side. That incomprehensible essence of her, which will overtake, like an obsession, swoops in from nowhere and
carries heroes towards fate. This is exactly what happens with Vitaly, Sonya and the beautiful Natalie. It is typical for Bunin that the most irrational events are always shown to him in the most realistic tones. With Ivan Bunin, the world, given and unchanging, rules over a person. Therefore, the heroes are not philosophical or religious. “Arriving home for the holidays, I decided that the time had come for me to be like everyone else, to violate my purity, to seek love without romance ...”. Arriving at his uncle's estate, meeting Sonya there, Vitaly already knew for sure that he wanted to change his life, to become "like everyone else." Bunin seems to be showing us two completely different personalities - the former person and the other who has changed: “... blushed during the free conversations of his gymnasium comrades” - and - “... that summer! I wouldn’t blush anymore. ” It is important to note that the conversation between Vitaly and Sonya at their first meeting proceeds very naturally, one does not feel any embarrassment either from him or from her. The most main theme their conversation is love, from everyone
young topics (about dad, about dinner ...) they switch to this one. Sonya tells him about Natalie, her gymnasium friend, immediately setting him up: “You will go crazy with love for her, and you will kiss me. You will cry on my chest from her cruelty, and I will console you. " She does this in order not to interfere with their future "romance".
In the story, you can see the extraordinary dynamism of the action. I. Bunin immediately, at the beginning of the story, lays out all the facts.
Events develop very quickly, sequentially, "flowing" from one to another. The hero does not leave thoughts of love. Even during a conversation with his uncle, he thinks about Natalie and Sonya, he waits for what will happen next. It seems to him that he already loves both of them. But Vitaly hasn’t seen Natalie yet, he doesn’t depend on her yet.
The story is told from the world of the protagonist, and he himself says about himself: "My imagination has always been alive with me ...", therefore the story of "Natalie" is full of colorful descriptions of everything that happens and everything around the heroes. The description of the appearance of Sonya and Natalie, Vitaly's attitude towards them is completely different, as different as they differ from each other. Two completely opposite people. He calls Sonya "a woman" and Natalie "a teenager." "... and why did you punish me so
God, for which he gave two loves at once; so different and so passionate, such a painful beauty of adoration of Natalie and such bodily rapture of Sonya? " - Vitaly is already honestly talking about his love for both girls. But still, true love is given to a person only once in a lifetime. And this love of Vitaly is for Natalie. Let's remember that after breaking up, so to speak, with her, he will never remember his passion and bodily affection for Sonya, but he will always love Natalie. Even during a conversation with Natalie in a birch alley, when he confessed his feelings to her, he completely renounced Sonya in words, and the next morning with all his soul: "... I am not forever connected with Sonya ...". But at the same time Natalie moved away from him, I think she was afraid of him, afraid of her feelings, because she also loved: "Yes, yes, I love you ...". It turns out that Sonya destroyed this foreshadowing happiness of two lovers, but, on the other hand, thanks to Sonya, he met Natalie, thanks to her Vitaly got plenty of "love without romance", was ready to admire Natalie and devote himself to her.
Love in the image of I. Bunin is tragic. Great love is incompatible with an ordinary, normal life. But love, despite all the tragedy, is the greatest happiness of human life. “… Is there unhappy love? ... Is it the most mournful in
music does not give happiness to the world? "
"often called the" encyclopedia of love. "Thirty-eight stories included in the cycle are united by this great feeling." Dark Alleys "became the most significant event in the later work of the famous Russian writer.
2. History of creation... Bunin wrote the stories included in the cycle "Dark Alleys" from 1937 to 1949. The work was not easy. The 70-year-old writer lived in France when it was occupied by German troops. Creating his "temple of love", Bunin tried to fence himself off the anger and hatred that gradually enveloped the whole world.
3. The meaning of the name... The collection opens with a story of the same name, the title of which immediately sets the mood of the entire cycle. "Dark alleys" symbolize the deepest hiding places human soul, in which love is born and never dies.
Night walks of lovers along the alleys are also mentioned in other stories of the cycle ("Natalie", "Swing"). Bunin recalled that the idea of the first story came to him while reading a poem by Ogarev. Lines from it emerge in the memory of the protagonist: "there were dark linden alleys ..."
4. Gender and genre... Cycle short stories about love.
5. Main theme collection - love, manifested in the form of a sudden outbreak of all-consuming passion. There is no long-term relationship between the protagonists of the stories. More often than not, love comes to them for just one night. This is the great tragedy of all stories. Lovers are separated in different ways: at the request of their parents ("Russia"), due to the inevitable return to family life("Business Cards"), due to different social status("Styopa").
Sometimes disastrous passion leads to death. In the story "The Caucasus", a deceived husband commits suicide. The death of the protagonist in the story "Zoya and Valeria" is very tragic. A number of stories are devoted to the love between a nobleman and a simple peasant girl. On the one hand, it was very easy for a representative of the upper class to gain favor from a peasant woman who was in awe of him. But for a while, social barriers really collapsed in front of great feeling. The inevitable parting echoed with great pain in the hearts of the lovers.
6. Problems... The main problem of the cycle is transience true love... It resembles a bright flash that literally blinds a person in love and forever remains for him the most memorable event in his life. Hence another problem arises - for a short moment of bliss, retribution will inevitably follow. She can take any form. But lovers never regret that they succumbed to the call of their hearts.
Having matured and typed life experience, they still dream of returning to the past. This problem is posed in the first story. The main character thirty years later meets a peasant woman whom he once cruelly deceived. It amazes him that she long years remained faithful, but still has not forgiven him for the offense. Memories of past love greatly excited the man, who is already approaching old age. Having said goodbye to a woman, he cannot come to his senses for a long time, thinking about another direction in his life.
Bunin also touches upon the problem of violent love as an extreme manifestation of unbridled desire. One of the most tragic stories is "The Fool". The seminarian who seduced the cook and made an ugly child from her is ashamed of his deed. But a defenseless woman has to pay for him. Love is rightly called the strongest human feeling.
A large number of suicides occur under the influence of unrequited love. Moreover, it is not only obvious betrayal that can push a person to a fatal step, but some insignificant reason for those around him. In the story "Galya Ganskaya" the main character just told the woman that he would leave for Italy for a while. This was enough reason for Gali to take the poison.
7. Heroes... The main characters of the cycle are just people in love. Sometimes the narration is in the first person. Of the most striking psychological images, one can single out Marusya ("Rusya"), Natalie and Sonya ("Natalie"), Polya ("Madrid"). Bunin generally pays more attention to female characters.
8. Plot and composition... In the cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" there is no common plot. The collection is divided into three parts. The stories are arranged in chronological order of their writing: Part I - 1937-1938, Part II - 1940-1941, Part III - 1943-1949.
9. What does the author teach? Bunin is often accused of being overly erotic in the Dark Alleys cycle. Indiscreet descriptions - the desire to show love as it really is. This is Bunin's great life truth. He directly says that behind all the lofty words is the satisfaction of the carnal desire, which is the main goal of a love relationship. To some, this may indeed seem like a too rough and straightforward look. But there is no getting away from this. Bunin proves that only love is the main engine of human life. To love and be loved is a natural desire of any person.
Bunin's cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" is the best that the author has written in his entire creative career. Despite the simplicity and accessibility of the Bunin style, the analysis of the work requires special knowledge. The work is studied in grade 9 in literature lessons, its detailed analysis will be useful in preparing for the exam, writing creative works, test items making a story outline. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with our version of the analysis of the "Dark Alley" according to the plan.
Brief analysis
Year of writing– 1938.
History of creation- the story was written in exile. Homesickness, fond memories, escape from reality, war and hunger - served as the impetus for writing the story.
Theme- love, lost, forgotten in the past; broken destinies, the theme of choice and its consequences.
Composition- traditional for a short story, a story. Consists of three parts: the arrival of the general, the meeting with the former lover and a hasty departure.
genre- story (short story).
Direction- realism.
History of creation
In "Dark Alleys" the analysis will be incomplete without the history of the creation of the work and knowledge of some of the details of the biography of the writer. In N. Ogarev's poem "An Ordinary Story", Ivan Bunin borrowed the image of dark alleys. This metaphor impressed the writer so much that he endowed it with his own special meaning and made it the name of a cycle of stories. All of them are united by one theme - a bright, fateful love that will be remembered for a lifetime.
The work, included in the cycle of stories of the same name (1937-1945), was written in 1938, when the author was in exile. During the Second World War, hunger and poverty persecuted all inhabitants of Europe, the French city of Grasse was no exception. It is there that everything is written best works Ivan Bunin. A return to memories of wonderful times of youth, inspiration and creative work gave the author strength to survive the separation from his homeland and the horrors of war. These eight years away from home have become the most productive and most important in Bunin's creative career. Mature age, wonderful landscapes, rethinking historical events and life values - became the impetus for the creation of the most main work master of the word.
In the most terrible times, the best, subtle, piercing stories about love were written - the cycle "Dark Alleys". In the soul of every person there are places where he rarely looks, but with special trepidation: the brightest memories, the most “dear” experiences are stored there. It is these “dark alleys” that the author had in mind when he gave the title to his book and the story of the same name. The story was first published in New York in 1943 in the New Earth edition.
Theme
Leading theme- the theme of love. Not only the story "Dark Alleys", but all the works of the cycle are based on this wonderful feeling. Bunin, summing up his life, was firmly convinced that love is the best that can be given to a person in life. It is the essence, beginning and meaning of everything: a tragic or a happy story - there is no difference. If this feeling flashed in a person's life, then he did not live it in vain.
Human destinies, the irrevocability of events, a choice that had to be regretted are the leading motives in Bunin's story. The one who loves always wins, he lives and breathes his love, it gives him the strength to move on.
Nikolai Alekseevich, who made his choice in favor of common sense, only at the age of sixty realizes that his love for Nadezhda was the best event in his life. The theme of choice and its consequences is vividly revealed in the plot of the story: a person lives his life with the wrong ones, remains unhappy, fate returns the betrayal and deception that he committed in his youth in relation to a young girl.
The conclusion is obvious: happiness consists in living in harmony with your feelings, and not in spite of them. The problem of choice and responsibility for one's own and someone else's fate is also touched upon in the work. The problematic is wide enough, despite the small volume of the story. It is interesting to note the fact that in Bunin's stories, love and marriage are practically incompatible: emotions are swift and bright, they arise and disappear as quickly as everything in nature. Social status makes no sense where love reigns. It equalizes people, makes ranks and estates meaningless - love has its own priorities and laws.
Composition
Compositionally, the story can be divided into three parts.
The first part: the hero's arrival at the inn (descriptions of nature and the surrounding area prevail here). Meeting with a former lover - the second semantic part - mainly consists of dialogue. In the last part, the general leaves the inn - flees from his own memories and his past.
Main events- the dialogue between Nadezhda and Nikolai Alekseevich is built on two absolutely opposite views on life. She - lives with love, finding comfort and joy in it, keeps the memories of youth. In the mouth of this wise woman, the author puts the idea of a story - what the work teaches us: "everything passes, but not everything is forgotten." In this sense, the heroes are opposite in their views, the old general mentions several times that “everything goes away”. That is how his life passed, senseless, joyless, in vain. Critics received the cycle of stories with enthusiasm, despite its courage and frankness.
main characters
genre
Dark Alley belongs to the genre of the story, some researchers of Bunin's work tend to consider them short stories.
The theme of love, unexpected sharp endings, the tragedy and drama of the plots - all this is characteristic of Bunin's works. It is necessary to note the lion's share of lyricism in the story - emotions, past, experiences and spiritual searches. The general lyrical orientation is a distinctive feature of Bunin's stories. The author has a unique ability - to fit a huge time period into a small epic genre, to reveal the soul of a character and make the reader think about the most important things.
The artistic means that the author uses are always varied: precise epithets, vivid metaphors, comparisons and personifications. The technique of parallelism is also close to the author, quite often nature emphasizes the state of mind of the characters.
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Analysis rating
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