Start in science. The fate of man, the fate of the people

In this story, Sholokhov portrayed the fate of an ordinary Soviet man who went through the war, captivity, experienced a lot of pain, hardships, losses, deprivations, but was not broken by them and managed to keep the warmth of his soul.
For the first time we meet the protagonist Andrei Sokolov at the crossing. We get an idea of him through the impression of the narrator. Sokolov is a tall, round-shouldered man, he has large dark hands, eyes "as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them." Life has left deep and terrible traces in his appearance. But he says about his life that he had an ordinary one, although, as we learned later, in fact it was full of terrible upheavals. But Andrei Sokolov does not believe that God should give him more than others.
And during the war, many Russian people suffered the same tragic fate. Andrei Sokolov, as if inadvertently, told a random stranger a sad story that happened to him, and before our eyes stood a generalized image of a Russian person, endowed with features of genuine humanity and real heroism.
Sholokhov used here the composition "a story within a story". Sokolov himself narrates about his fate, by this the writer achieves that everything sounds sincere and authentic, and we believe in the real existence of the hero. Much has accumulated, ached in his soul, and now, having met a random listener, he told him about his whole life. Andrey Sokolov went his own way, like many Soviet people: he had a chance to serve in the Red Army, and to experience the terrible hunger from which all his relatives died, and to “poach” on the kulaks. Then he went to the factory, became a worker.
When Sokolov got married, a bright streak appeared in his life. His happiness was in the family. He spoke of his wife Irina with love and tenderness. She was a skilled keeper of the hearth, tried to create coziness and a warm atmosphere in the house, and she succeeded, for which her husband was immensely grateful to her. There was complete understanding between them. Andrey realized that she, too, had sipped a lot of grief in her life; for him, what was important in Irina was not appearance; he saw her main advantage - a beautiful soul. And she, when the angry one came from work, did not become embittered in response, did not fence herself off from him with a prickly wall, but sought to relieve tension with affection and love, realizing that her husband had to work hard and hard to ensure their comfortable existence. They created their own little world for each other, where she tried to keep her anger out. outside world that she succeeded, and they were happy together. When they had children, Sokolov broke away from his comrades with their booze, and began to bring home all the pay. This manifested his quality of absolute lack of selfishness in relation to the family. Andrei Sokolov found his simple happiness: a smart wife, excellent students, his own house, a modest income - that's all he needed. Sokolov has very simple requests. For him, spiritual values are important, not material ones.
But the war destroyed his life, like thousands of others.
Andrei Sokolov went to the front to fulfill his civic duty. It was hard for him to say goodbye to his family. His wife's heart foresaw that this separation was forever. Then he pushed away for a moment, got angry, believing that she was "burying him alive", but it turned out the other way around: he returned, and the family died. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing, remembers his every step: did he offend his wife in any way, did he ever make a mistake where he did not give warmth to his loved ones. And with inexpressible pain, he says: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I won’t forgive myself for pushing her away then!” This is because nothing can be returned, nothing can be changed, all the most precious things are lost forever. But Sokolov unjustly blames himself, because he did everything he could to return alive, and honestly fulfilled this duty.
When it was necessary to take ammunition to the battery, which found itself without shells under enemy fire, the commander of the auto company asked: “Will Sokolov get through?” But for him, this question was initially resolved: “And then there was nothing to ask. My comrades are there, maybe they are dying, but I’ll sniff around here? ” For the sake of his comrades, he didn’t think about it, he was ready to expose himself to any danger, even to sacrifice himself: “what kind of caution can there be when there guys are fighting empty-handed, when the road is all shot through with artillery fire.” And a shell hit his car, and Sokolov was a prisoner. He suffered a lot of pain, hardships, humiliations in captivity, but in any situation he retained his human dignity. When the German ordered him to take off his boots, he handed him the footcloths, which put the fascist in a stupid position in the eyes of his comrades. And the enemies did not laugh at the humiliation of the Russian soldier, but at their own.
This quality of Sokolov also manifested itself in the scene in the church, when he heard that one of the soldiers threatened the young commander to betray him. Sokolov is disgusted by the idea that a Russian person is capable of such a heinous betrayal. Andrey strangled the scoundrel, and he felt so disgusting, "as if he was strangling not a man, but some kind of reptile." Sokolov tried to escape from captivity, he wanted to return to his own at all costs. However, the first time he did not succeed, he was found with dogs, beaten, tormented and put in a punishment cell for a month. But this did not break him, the dream of escaping remained with him. He was supported by the idea that in his homeland they were waiting for him, and they should wait. In captivity, he experienced "unhuman torments", like thousands of other Russian prisoners of war. They were severely beaten, starved, fed in such a way that they could only stand on their feet, crushed by overwork. Finished off and news of German victories. But even this did not break the unbending spirit of the Russian soldier, bitter words of protest escaped from Sokolov’s chest: “They need four cubic meters of output, and one cubic meter through the eyes is enough for each of us.” And some scoundrel told the camp commander about it. Sokolov was summoned to the Lagerführer, which meant execution. Andrei walked and said goodbye to the outside world, but he did not feel sorry for himself at that moment, but for his wife Irina and children, but first of all he thought about how to gather his courage and fearlessly look into the face of death, not to drop the honor of the Russian soldier in front of enemies.
But there was still a test ahead of him. Before being shot, the German offered Andrey to drink to the victory of German weapons and gave him a piece of bread with lard. This was a serious test for a man starving to death. But Sokolov had an unbending and amazing strength of patriotism. Even before his death, brought to physical exhaustion, he did not compromise his principles, did not drink for the victory of his enemies, he drank for his own death, he did not start eating after the first, and after the second glass, and only after the third bit off a small piece. Even the Germans, who did not consider Russian prisoners of war as people, were amazed at the amazing stamina and sense of the highest human dignity of the Russian soldier. His courage saved his life, he was even rewarded with bread and bacon, which he honestly shared with his comrades.
In the end, Sokolov managed to escape, but even here he thought about his duty to the Motherland and brought with him a German engineer with valuable information. Andrei Sokolov is thus a model of patriotism inherent in the Russian people.
But life did not spare Andrei, he was no exception among the thousands of tragic destinies. The war took his family away from him, and on the very Day of Victory his pride is his only son. But she could not destroy the spirit of the Russian people. Andrei managed to keep warmth in his soul for a little boy, an orphan, whom he found at the door of a teahouse and became a father to him. Sokolov could not live only for himself, it seemed to him pointless, he needed to take care of someone, to turn his unspent love to his family forever lost on someone. Sokolov's whole life was now concentrated in this boy. And even when he suffered another setback: an unfortunate cow turned up under a car on the road, and his driver's license was unfairly taken away from him, he did not become embittered, because now he had a little man for whom it is worth living and keeping warm.
This is how Sholokhov presented to us the difficult life of one ordinary Russian person. He is an ordinary soldier - a hard worker, which in Soviet army there were millions. And even the tragedy he experienced is not exceptional: during the years of the Nazi invasion of our country, many people lost their dearest and closest.
Thus, we see behind this personal, individual fate the fate of the entire Russian people, a heroic people who endured all the hardships and horrors of the war on their shoulders, defended the freedom of their homeland in an unbearable struggle with the enemy.

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Introduction

Purpose: Through the continuity of generations and the preservation of family traditions, to show the formation of the heroic character of our fellow countryman Nikolai Petrovich Nazymka and the establishment of the national idea of fidelity to spiritual values.

Teach and generalize the experience of life and biography wonderful person N.P. Nazymka

Show how through loyalty family traditions the formation of the personality of a patriot, his love for the Motherland, self-improvement, responsibility for his home, for his family, for the heroic present and past of his country.

On the example of the life of a person whose generation is the spiritual core of the people, to cultivate the best qualities of a worthy citizen of Russia.

Repeat the material about this person in the media (in the school newspaper "Change", in the regional press, in the All-Russian newspaper "Veteran", in the almanac "Orthodox Christian" With articles and reviews about the film on the fate of N.P. Nazymka, I want to draw attention to the personality still living participants in the Second World War. It is they who make up the salt and color of the nation. They want to learn to appreciate life and fight against the power of the golden calf.

The fate of man, the fate of the people.

(Life is a feat of Nikolai Petrovich Nazymk, holder of the Order of Alexander Nevsky.)

My name is Misha Kudryashov. I am 11 years old. For the third year I have been wearing a cadet uniform and I am proud of it. When the guys and I are marching in formation, taking first places, or meeting with interesting people, with veterans, I have a special feeling. It cannot be conveyed how we were shocked by the film by Natalya Anatolyevna Solovieva about Kaluga residents, defenders of the Fatherland, “The Soul of the Russian Victory”. Where 25, then still living veterans. Including N.P. Nazymok, talked about why our people defeated fascism, and at what cost we got the Victory. They all believed that the matter was in the strength of the spirit of our soldiers and commanders. Unfortunately, almost all of them have left us. One of the last - Cavalier of the Order of Alexander Nevsky N.P. Nazymok. He waited for a new film by N.A. Solovieva about himself, and this supported him. I would like to tell about his fate, the fate of an extraordinary person who lives with a reminder of the war in his chest (the bullet did not reach the heart a little, so as not to risk it, the doctors did not get it).

Nazymok Nikolai Petrovich was born in the village of Kerbutovka in 1925, into an ordinary peasant family. He grew up and studied with two brothers. Graduated there primary school. But before graduation, the war began. Then he was 17 years old. To think, he was only 5 years older than me! His brothers went to the front (they also became Knights of the Order of Alexander Nevsky), and Nikolai stayed at home. For the first two years of the war, he lived in Ukraine, where he was born in the occupied territory with his parents, but the spirit of this guy, like all people of his generation, was high.

“At first I was invited to the police, - says Nikolai Petrovich. Their village was occupied by the Germans. I refused. The day was kept under arrest. It worked out - the father rescued. However, I got into the black lists of unreliable. After that, of course, good things could not be expected. The Germans were faced with a choice: either sign up for the Russian Liberation Army of Vlasov, or to work in Germany. There is no third. But I found this third way - I went into the forests and hid there for three months, until our village was liberated. It was then that he developed a proud and very integral character.

In October 1943, Nazymok went to the front and studied at the regimental school for junior commanders. The first battles took place in the Chernobyl region in Ukraine, where 12 Nazis were taken prisoner. For this, he was awarded the combat medal "For Courage". Nazymok received the second medal "For Courage" and the Order of the "Red Star" for fearless battles in the Kovel region.

When I was preparing materials, I experienced with the hero. I imagine how Nikolai was wounded in the cheek by a grenade explosion in battle. Sharp pain. But the young commander did not leave the battlefield. But the young commander did not leave the battlefield. On the second day, a severe wound in the right leg. And the hospital. In May 1944, he completed the courses of radio operators on the 2nd Belorussian Front. And already in March 1944, at the age of nineteen, he was appointed commander of a rifle platoon.

“As a commander, I sometimes felt strange. In my regiment, people who were fit to be my fathers fought, and I, a guy of nineteen years old, led them into battle, ”Nikolai Petrovich says not without pride.

The last battle was the battle near the Polish city of Zopott on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Where he was wounded for the third time, the bullet hit the chest and remained there forever.

I read the dry lines of his award documents and never cease to admire. It says: “In the battles for the city, Zoppot acted bravely and skillfully. On March 22, on the outskirts of the city, with his platoon, he destroyed up to 20 enemy soldiers. He threw grenades at the house and personally destroyed 5 enemy soldiers, having occupied the house, entrenched himself in it and continued to move forward. In street battles, he also acted boldly, clearing house after house of the enemy. As a result of the rapid offensive, the city was cleared of the enemy. For skillful command and personal courage shown in the battle for the capture of the city of Tsoppot, he is worthy of a government award - the Order of the RED STAR.

And here are some more short lines from the archive: “On March 23, 1945, in the battle for the city of Tsoppot, he showed skill and courage, defeating an enemy superior in strength. Having burst into the outskirts of the city with a swift attack, his platoon was stopped by the enemy with a force of up to a company, entrenched in a group of stone buildings. An attack from the front of the enemy, fortified behind stone walls reinforced with embrasures with firing points, required great sacrifices. Junior Lieutenant Nazymok decided to defeat the enemy with a blow from the flank and rear. He sent one section of his platoon around to strike from the rear, and the second - to strike on the flank on the right, with the same section he diverted the attention of the enemy from the front. Having taken its starting position, the squad, on a signal, rushed to attack from three sides, the stunned enemy, did not expect a strike from the rear and flank, after a short resistance, was partially exterminated, the units managed to escape, while 30 enemy soldiers were captured and a further path was opened to the entire company » For the shown heroism, courage and courage, as well as the successful completion of combat missions, nineteen-year-old junior lieutenant Nazymok N.P. He was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

This order was awarded to front-line officers from the platoon commander to the division commander for the skillful leadership of a successful operation, where the enemy was inflicted great damage in manpower and military equipment. The order was awarded to Nikolai Petrovich in May 1945 upon his return from the hospital.

N.P. Nazymok survived a lot: cold, hunger, a terrible post-war hunger strike in Ukraine. Despite this, at the end of 1947 he entered the railway technical school. In 1949 he married his classmate. Raised two children. Graduated from the All-Union Institute of Railway Engineers. He became an Honorary Veteran of the Moscow Railway and an Honorary Railway Worker. He headed the organization of veterans - railwaymen of the Kaluga distance of the way. Created a committee of holders of the military order of Alexander Nevsky and in 1992 headed it.

All of us are among us less people amazing, unusual for our time, which passed alongside death, hunger, but at the same time remained true to themselves. Their memories, surviving documents, records and photographs are our history, the history of my Fatherland.

The life and feat of this hero became the pain of my heart. And I am proud that there are boys like me - Cadets, who are ready to go for their Fatherland, for their countrymen, for their loved ones. It was the veterans who gave us the strength of their spirit. We remember the past, we live in the present, we think about the future.

Nikolai Petrovich and Ekaterina Panteleevna Nazymok with their daughter Valentina and son Vitaly, Kaluga, 1965.

The guys from our class and I watched the video film "Life is a feat"

Here are the results of my research

Liked the movie - 100%

The film made a big impression

He is realistic -100%

He is playful -40%

He is a child - 60%

He is educational - 70%

He is interesting - 50%

It has the spirit of a good family - 70%

He is instructive - 70%

He teaches to remember the lessons of the past. Lessons from World War II -90%

Here is what the cadets of my class wrote in response to the video

Nastya Sukhareva: I really liked the video film by N.A. Solovieva “Life is a feat”. The protagonist so brave and smart. From the biography of N.P. Nazymk, the theme of childhood and military youth of N.P.

Nikita: The film is so educational. I completely immersed myself in this movie. I think the guys do too.

Angelina Mikhalchuk: Great film. Our happiness is that our veteran is still alive. And about such a living person, this film was shot. It seems to me that such films make us stronger and better.

Liza Kuzmina: The guys played the hero's childhood and youth so expressively. His older brothers shaped him as a person, as a hero. All three brothers turned out to be heroes, survived and were proud of each other. Nikolai Petrovich himself brought up this spirit of a good family in his children. His children and grandson told how proud they were of Nikolai Petrovich. At the end of the film, the song "I love you, life" was played. It's like a motto, like years the motive of Nikolai Petrovich's whole life.

Popova: I was excited by the history of the siege and victory in the town of Tsopot. Both the young commander himself and his soldiers were not taken aback. Nikolai Petrovich showed leadership talent in this battle. He is a real leader.

Misha Minenko: I was very touched by this film. He is so realistic and insightful.

Anya Slepova: It took my breath away when I saw this person - a hero from the screen. Believe everything that is shown in the film.

Sonya Bogomolova: The guys - the actors played wonderfully. Although I didn't feel comfortable with the truth. The most interesting scenes about the war.

Leva Loskutov: The film is so informative that you feel proud of this person. After all, the bullet almost hit the heart and remained there for the rest of my life, so that we, the present, would have peace and happiness.

I will also express my opinion. The film is so interesting and instructive that, having studied the biography of Nikolai Petrovich, I watched it with enthusiasm. Such films are very important, because we must not forget about the exploits of our people. In the film, human fate is intertwined with the fate of the entire nation. We must not forget the past. Otherwise, it may return.

Conclusion:

Human development is both the main goal and a necessary condition for the progress of modern society. This is our absolutely national priority today and in the long term.

The future of Russia, our success depends on the education and health of people, on their desire for self-improvement and the use of their skills and talents (from the speech of the President Russian Federation Vladimir Putin at the State Council meeting “On the development strategy of Russia until 2020. 08.02.2008"

Literature:

Books:

Anatoly Demidov. Family of defenders of the fatherland from Kerbutovka. Kaluga. 2007
Evgeny Komlev, "Winners" pp. 85-121
Sergei Mikheenkov. Platoon, prepare to attack!.. Lieutenants of the Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945:. Tarusa. 2007
N.A. Solovieva "Relay race of memory", pp. 13-14. Kaluga, 2007
Video film, "Life is a feat"; N.A. Solovieva and A.V. Travina, 2017

Magazines:

"100 lines about war and peace from veterans of the Great Patriotic War", magazine Zhit Horosho June 3, 2016
Gudok magazine. Issue 07/25/2008 7th page. Vyacheslav Stepovoy "The Third Way of Nikolai Nazymka".
Road territorial organization ROSPROFZHEL on Moscow railway. Natalya Dubnikova. "Heroes of the Great Patriotic War with us" posted April 27, 2016

Documentation:

Order of April 7, 1944
Award sheet dated March 30, 1945
Order "No. 131 of April 12, 1945
Order No. 2 /N of January 15, 1944
Award sheet dated March 24, 1945

Appendix.

In his work, junior cadet Misha Kudryashov tells not only the fate of the veteran, but also the role of the family in the formation of the character of N.P. Nazymka. He showed that our work is like a haven for the memory of this man, about whom many kind words have been written and said. On the video film by N.A. Solovieva, which Misha watched with classmates, is another interesting and fascinating page in the biography of the protagonist.

In the fate of junior lieutenant N.P. Nazymka reflected the fate and truth of a whole generation of liberators. In the fate of man - the fate of the people.

Podkopayeva V.S.

Nazymok N.P. second row third from right

The era of the Time of Troubles (the end of the 16th - the beginning of the 17th centuries) attracted the attention of Russian playwrights as an exceptionally dramatic, turning point national history. Characters of its main actors- Godunov, False Dmitry, Shuisky - were full of genuine drama, sharp contradictions. This theme was most vividly reflected in the Russian drama of the first third of the 19th century, as is known, in Pushkin's tragedy "Boris Godunov" (1825).

Pushkin considered the writing of this tragedy his literary feat, understood its political meaning and said: "I could not hide all my ears under the cap of the holy fool - they stick out." Interest in the history of Pushkin is natural and deep. The most bitter reflections on the fate of Russia did not give rise to historical pessimism in him. By this time, volumes X and XI of Karamzin's "History of the Russian State" had come out, and this sharpened attention to the era of the "Time of Troubles". It was a turning point, a critical time in the history of Russia: the Polish intervention, popular discontent, the shaky power of impostors. "Boris Godunov" is born as an idea, from the need to comprehend the world through history, the history of Russia. Staying in Mikhailovsky, contact with people's life played here a role no less than the great work of Karamzin - "The History of the Russian State." Attempts to comprehend the "mechanism" of human history is not an abstract philosophical task, but a burning personal need of Pushkin, who is beginning to realize himself as a social poet, endowed, moreover, with a certain prophetic mission; “This is an attempt to penetrate the secret of the historical fate of Russia, to comprehend scientifically as a unique personality, to restore the historical and spiritual genealogy, which was “cancelled” by the revolution of Peter.

He peers into the nature of Russian statehood, connected with the nature of the people, studies the era of one of those upheavals to which this statehood has undergone. From Karamzin, Pushkin also found a version of Boris's involvement in the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the son of Ivan the Terrible, in Uglich. modern science leaves this question open. Pushkin, however, this version helps with psychological depth to show the pangs of Boris's conscience. Doubts about Boris's involvement in the crime were very common. In a letter to S. Shevyrev, Pogodin writes: “Write by all means the tragedy“ Boris Godunov ”. He is not to blame for the death of Dmitry: I am completely convinced of this ...

It is necessary to remove from him the disgrace imposed, except for centuries, by Karamzin and Pushkin. Imagine a person whom all circumstances have come to blame, and he sees this and trembles from future curses. It was this interpretation that Pogodin made the basis of his drama about Boris Godunov, contrasting it with Pushkin's. In 1831 he completed the drama "History in the faces of Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov." The very title "History in the Faces ..." in its own way emphasizes the author's point of view on the history and features of the artistic development of the historical theme. The past is revealed to them not through the struggle of social forces, but through the clash of virtuous and vicious persons. Pogodin comes to the conclusion that the goal of history is “to teach people to curb passions,” which sounds quite in the spirit of Karamzin, and this specific, fairly rational moralism will continue to remain one of characteristic features his outlook. But Pushkin differed in many ways from Karamzin in interpreting this material. The problem of the relationship between the drama "Boris Godunov" and the story of Karamzin is very complex, it cannot be simplified. One must also see what connects her with Karamzin, and the deep difference between them.

The fact is that Karamzin's "History" is both a historical scientific work and at the same time work of fiction. Karamzin recreated the past in pictures and images, and many writers, using factual materials, disagreed with Karamzin in their assessments. Karamzin in the historical past of Russia wanted to see an amicable alliance and consent between the tsars and the people) “History belongs to the tsar”), and Pushkin saw a deep gap between the autocracy of the tsar and the people. The drama is distinguished by a completely new quality of historicism. Before Pushkin, neither the classicists nor the romantics were able to recreate the exact historical era. They took only the names of the heroes of the past and endowed them with the thoughts of the people of the 19th century. Before Pushkin, writers could not show history in its movement, they modernized it, modernized it. Pushkin's historicism of thinking lies in the fact that he saw history in development, in the change of epochs. According to Pushkin, in order to make the material of the past topical, it does not need to be artificially adapted to the present. Pushkin's motto: "It is necessary to recreate the historical truth, and then the past will already be relevant in itself, because the past and the present are connected by the unity of history."

Pushkin surprisingly accurately recreated the historical past. The era of the Time of Troubles arises before the readers of Pushkin's drama: here are the chronicler Pimen, the boyars, the "holy fool", etc. Pushkin not only recreates the external features of the era, but he reveals the main social conflicts. Everything clusters around main problem: the king and the people. First of all, Pushkin shows the tragedy of Boris Godunov and gives us his explanation. It is in the understanding of Boris Godunov and his tragic fate First of all, Pushkin disagrees with Karamzin. According to Karamzin, the tragedy of Boris is entirely rooted in his personal crime, this is the king - a criminal who came to the throne illegally. For this he was punished by God's judgment, pangs of conscience. Condemning Boris as a tsar - a criminal who shed innocent blood, Karamzin defended the legitimacy of succession to the throne. For Karamzin, this is moral - psychological tragedy. He considers the tragedy of Boris in a religious and instructive way. Much in this understanding of life, the fate of Boris was close to Pushkin.

This is the theme of crime and punishment. Pushkin further strengthens this moral and psychological drama by the fact that for Pushkin Boris is an outstanding personality. The tragedy of a criminal conscience is revealed in Boris' monologues, Boris himself admits: "Pity is the one in whom the conscience is unclean." Unlike the tragedies of the classicists, the character of Boris is shown widely, many-sidedly, even in evolution. If at first Boris is impenetrable, then later he is shown as a man with a broken will. He is also shown as a loving person, a father. He cares about enlightenment in the state and teaches his son how to manage the country) “First tighten, then loosen”), with the bareness of suffering, he somewhat resembles Shakespeare's heroes (Macbeth, Gloucester in Richard III). And the fact that he addresses the holy fool by name - Nikolka and calls him unfortunate, like himself, makes him related to himself, this is not only evidence of the immensity of Boris's suffering, but also the hope for a possible redemption of these sufferings. It is important to consider that Pushkin shows the people's point of view on what he has done. Boris is not just a usurper tsar.

Pushkin emphasizes that it was not an adult opponent who was killed, but a baby. Boris stepped through the blood of an innocent baby - a symbol of moral purity. Here, according to Pushkin, the moral feeling of the people is offended and it is expressed through the lips of the holy fool: "I will not, king, pray for Tsar Herod, the Mother of God does not order." No matter how great the significance of the moral and psychological drama of Boris, nevertheless, for Pushkin, the main thing in the drama is the tragedy of Boris as a tsar, ruler, statesman, whom he looks at from a political point of view. Pushkin's emphasis shifts from Boris's personal suffering to the consequences of the crime for the state, the social consequences.

"The fate of man, the fate of the people" in the tragedy of A. S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"

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The fate of human destiny is folk in the story of Sholokhov The fate of man
M.A. Sholokhov went through the Great Patriotic War almost from beginning to end - he was a war correspondent. On the basis of front-line notes, the writer created the chapters of the book “They Fought for the Motherland”, the stories “The Science of Hate”, “The Fate of a Man.” “The Fate of a Man” is not just a description of military events, but a deep artistic study of the inner tragedy of a person whose soul was crippled by war . The hero of Sholokhov, whose prototype is real person, whom Sholokhov met ten years before the creation of the work, Andrei Sokolov, talks about his difficult fate. The first test that Sokolov goes through is fascist captivity. Here the hero observes with his own eyes how all the best and worst human qualities are manifested in extreme conditions, how courage and cowardice, steadfastness and despair, heroism and betrayal closely coexist. The most indicative in this regard is the night episode in the destroyed church, where Russian prisoners of war were driven. So, we have, on the one hand, the image of a doctor who, even in such a desperate situation, does not lose his presence of mind, tries to help the wounded, remaining faithful to his professional and moral duty. On the other hand, we see a traitor who is going to hand over to the fascists a platoon leader - communist Kryzhnev, following the logic of opportunism and cowardice and declaring that "comrades remained behind the front line" and "his shirt is closer to the body." This person becomes the one who is killed for the first time in his life by Sokolov (until that time he worked as a military driver) on the grounds that the traitor is “worse than someone else’s.” Descriptions of the existence of prisoners of war in forced labor are terrifying: constant hunger, overwork, severe beatings , dog-baiting and - most importantly - constant humiliation ... But Sholokhov's hero endures this test, a symbolic proof of which can be his moral duel with the camp commandant Müller, when Sokolov refuses to drink for the victory of German weapons and, rejecting bread with bacon, demonstrates "his own, Russian dignity and pride. Andrei Sokolov managed to survive in such inhuman conditions- and this testifies to his courage. However, despite the fact that the hero saved his life in the physical sense, his soul was devastated by the war, which took away his house and all his relatives: “There was a family, a house, all this was molded over the years, and everything collapsed in a single moment ... ". A casual acquaintance of Sokolov, to whom he retells the story of his difficult fate, is first of all amazed at the look of his interlocutor: “Have you ever seen eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them?” Alone with himself, Sokolov mentally asks: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that? Why did you distort it like that?” We see that the most cruel test for Andrei Sokolov was precisely the peaceful, post-war life in which he could not find a place for himself, turned out to be superfluous, spiritually unclaimed: “I didn’t dream about my awkward life ? In a dream, the hero constantly sees his children, his crying wife, separated from him by the barbed wire of a concentration camp. in the minds of each of its participants, painful pictures of violence and murder, and in the heart - an unhealed wound of the loss of relatives, friends, fellow soldiers. The author refers to the war for the Motherland as a holy and just cause, believing that a person who defends his country shows the highest degree of courage. However, the author emphasizes that the war itself, as an event that makes millions of people physical and moral cripples, is unnatural and contrary to human nature. Sokolov was helped to spiritually revive the little boy Vanyushka, thanks to whom Andrei Sokolov did not remain alone. After all he had experienced, loneliness for him would be tantamount to death. But he found a little man who needed love, care, affection. This saves the hero, whose heart “hardened from grief” gradually “departs, becomes softer.” The fate of Sholokhov’s heroes is “two orphaned people, two grains of sand thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented strength”, who survived alone and after everything experienced together “ walking on Russian soil”, is an artistic summary of the fate of millions of our compatriots, whose lives were scorched by the war. The author uses the technique of maximum typification, reflecting in the fate of the protagonist of the story the most character traits Russian national character. Sokolov's worthy overcoming of the most difficult trials, the experience of the most terrible events - the death of loved ones, general destruction and destruction and his return to a full life, speak of extraordinary courage, iron will and extraordinary fortitude of the hero. In this regard, the recognition of Andrei Sokolov, who lost his family in that he is literally the father of Vanyushka, who also lost his family, acquires symbolic meaning. The war, as it were, equalizes the heroes in their deprivation and, at the same time, allows them to make up for spiritual losses, overcome loneliness, “leaving” in distant Voronezh his father’s leather coat, which Vanya accidentally recalls. human destiny. It is also no coincidence that the narrator meets the hero in the spring - this time of the year also symbolizes constant renewal, the rebirth of life. Patriotic War- one of the most significant and, at the same time, the most tragic pages in the history of Russia. This means that the books written about this war, including The Fate of Man, will never lose their ideological and artistic influence on the reader, and will remain literary classics for a long time.

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Epic novel by Mikhail Sholokhov Quiet Don” became a discovery in world literature, and its author was among the brilliant artists XX century, whose books forever stood on the "golden shelf" of literature. Sholokhov was able to show the tragedy of man and the tragedy of the people during the period of the great breakdown of the social system. The fates of the heroes are given as part of a single whole, but at the same time, each person in the writer retains the uniqueness of his personality and life path.
The past, present and future of the people, the history and fate of the most interesting part of it - the Don Cossacks

- this is the theme of the novel, the center of the writer's thoughts. On the example of one family, a story unfolds about how the life of an individual, family, farm is fused and intertwined with the life of the country. By the will of history, the Melekhovsky farm is at the center of events that determine the future not only of their family, but of all of Russia for many years to come. It is symbolic that it is through the Melekhovsky farm that the line of defense passes during the Civil War. It is occupied either by the Reds or the Whites, and this is similar to the tossing and searching of one of the heroes, Grigory Melekhov, who is looking for and cannot find the truth from either one or the other.
Real Cossacks, the pride and strength of the Cossacks - such are the Melekhovs. The healthy, handsome, full of life head of the family, Pantelei Prokofievich, is a foldable old man, temperamental, quick-tempered, hot-tempered, but kind and quick-witted - not so much with his mind, but with his soul he understands the value of a house, a hearth, an old warm life. He tries his best to hold on to what unites the family, to maintain support in the whirlwind of terrible events. But tragedy happens. The house is dying, collapsing, as the houses with the usual way of life collapsed among millions of people. The place where the closest people live, creating a sense of security, has become something unreal, impossible. The line of defense, the fault line passed through the country, splitting friends and relatives, scattering them on different sides of the front.
The sons of Panteley Prokofievich are also tied to home. And the more tragic is their fate, which forced them to survive the collapse of the ideal of the family, where everyone stands up for each other. At a time when history is being reshaped, “heads and worlds are flying,” as Marina Tsvetaeva puts it, it is impossible to build life according to tradition. We have to look for new points of support, reconsider views, think about where the truth is. The search for truth is the lot of the few, such people cannot go with the flow. They must make their own choice. Their life is harder, and the fate is more hopeless than the rest. And this Sholokhov showed on the example of the central character of the novel - Grigory Melekhov. Melekhov is a truth seeker. At the beginning of the novel, we see a happy, self-sufficient person, a bright, brilliant representative of the real Cossacks. Grigory Melekhov is happy, he enthusiastically gives himself to any occupation. He is a born rider, warrior, rural worker, fisherman, hunter. Don life gives him the best, he fits perfectly into it. The war of 1914 at first seems to him only a time of supreme realization, the craving for military glory is in the blood of the Cossacks. But the reality of war is such that a thinking and feeling person cannot put up with senseless cruelty, absurdity, unnecessary and terrible human sacrifices, and violence. Grigory Melekhov hardens. What seemed indisputable is now in doubt: loyalty to the “king and fatherland”, military duty. In the hospital, Melekhov thinks about the future.
The events of 1917 at first give many hope for a new starting point, a new truth. Changing values, political and moral, do not provide a reliable guide. Sholokhov shows how at first Grigory is fond of the outside
Revolution, its slogans. He goes to fight on the side of the Reds. But again he encounters senseless cruelty and loses faith. When the Reds come to the Don and the mass destruction of the Cossacks begins, Grigory Melekhov fights with them. He sees the cruelty of both whites and Bolsheviks, he comes to the conclusion that “they are all the same! All of them are a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks.” Melekhov does not accept historical truth, because the people with whom he is connected by a common fate, such truth brings only death. Neither the white officers nor the Bolsheviks seem to him worthy to stand in power. Desperate to find the truth, Melekhov drowns out his heartache with drunkenness, indiscriminate female caresses, and senseless cruelty. But Sholokhov does not allow us, the readers, to arrogantly condemn the hero. The writer returns to the idea that the most important thing in a person is his roots. In the darkest time, Grigory Melekhov lives with love for his native land, for his father's house, family, and fate rewards him. He gets the only thing left for him in life: the opportunity to stand on the threshold of home to hold my son in my arms.
The fate of the people in the "Quiet Don" is terrible and majestic. Sholokhov managed to tell about people with difficult characters, hard lives in such a way that we not only empathize with them, we believe in the need for moral quests, together with the characters we begin to understand all the falsity of ready-made answers to the question: what is the truth, what is the meaning human existence. And forever in the soul there are images of people who have proved with their whole lives: the truth is to keep the warmth of the native hearth, and the highest manifestation of love is the willingness to sacrifice everything for the sake of the one you love. History often goes in indirect ways, and none of us knows what time he will live. Therefore, Sholokhov's novel is still relevant today, and we will look in it, if not for answers, then for support in difficult turning points, when everyone has to decide for himself where the truth is and where the lie is, and choose his own path.

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